Extraction kinetic models of ginger phenolics in subcritical-water extraction

Abstract

This study investigated the kinetics behavior when extracting [6]-gingerol, [6]-shogaol, and zingerone from ginger using subcritical-water extraction (SWE). The following four kinetics models were evaluated under varying extraction temperatures and times: Peleg's model, a one-site kinetics desorption model, a two-site kinetics desorption model, and a newly proposed first-order reaction model that incorporates simultaneous extraction and thermal decomposition. The extraction efficiency was highest when using temperatures of 130 °C for [6]-gingerol, 200 °C for [6]-shogaol, and 200 °C for zingerone. The new first-order reaction model accurately described the interplay between extraction and thermal degradation, especially for thermally sensitive compounds such as [6]-gingerol. The two-site kinetics desorption model accurately described the interplay of the rapid and slow extraction phases, while the one-site kinetics desorption model provided reliable predictions at lower temperatures. These new data on the relationships between extraction parameters and compound stability offer insights for optimizing SWE processes to increase yields and minimize degradation. © 2026