子女가 知覺한 父母의 養育態度와 子女의 內外制性과의 관계에 관한 硏究

Abstract

The purpose of this thesis is threefold: 1) To find out the ways how children perceive their parents' child-rearing attitudes, 2) To find out if locus of control has any relationship with sex, birth order of the children, age and education of the parents, 3) To determine what relationship exists between children's perception of their parents' child-rearing attitude and the locus of control of the children. Independent variables used are sex difference of both parents and children, In order to pursue the above purposes, two instruments were developed and administered: One was to measure the locus of control. This instrument was developed basing upon the "Locus of Control Scale for Children," which was originally developed by Nowicki and Strickland. The second instrument was to measure child-rearing attitude of their parents perceived by the elementary school children. This instrument was constructed with items from both the "Parent-Child Relations Scale" by Kisun Oh and the "Perceived Parenting Questionnaire" by Devereux, Bronfenbrenner and Rodgers. These two instruments were administred to 994 six graders attending five elementary schools located in Seoul. Total number of children included in the final analysis was 897. Electronic computer was used for statistical analysis of the collected data. The results of this study are summarized as follows: I. Children's perception of their parents' child-rearing attitude. A. Boys perceived more rejection by both mother and father than girls. Both boys and girls perceived more rejection by mothers than by fathers. These differences were statistically significant. B. Boys reported more achievement pressure from both mother and father than girls. Both boys and girls perceived more achievement pressure being put on them from mother than from father. These differences were also statistically significant. C. Both boys and girls reported more overprotection by mother than by father. Boys reported more overprotection than girls by mother side. These differences were statistically significant. D. Boys perceived that they receive more unqualified punishment from both mother and father than girls. Both boys and girls reported that mothers apply punishment than fathers. These differences were also statistically significant. E. Boys reported more inconsistency in mother's behaviour than girls. Both boys and girls perceived more inconsistency in mother's behaviours than that of father's. These differences were found significant. F. There was no significant difference between boys and girls on the perception of incongruity between mother's and father's behaviours. Ⅱ. Children's Locus of Control Scores were compared to children's sex, their birth order, parents' age, and their level of education. There was no significant differences on Locus of Control scores when they were compared to children's sex and birth order. With parents' age, there was a significant difference on Locus of Control scores among different age groups of mothers, while the other combinations such as father-boys, father-girls, mother-girls show no significant differences. Concerning the parents' level of education, it was found that the higher the parents' level of education is, the more girls to be internal. And this is statistically significant. In the case of boys, the higher parents' level of education is, the more boys tended to be internal but this is not statistically significant. Ⅲ. Children's Child-Rearing Attitude and Their Locus of Control A. According to the children's perception of their paternal and maternal rejection, there was significant difference on Locus of Control scores of both boys and girls. B. Depending upon how boys perceived their maternal achievement pressure, the scores on Locus of Control scale were significantly different. However, the boys' perceived paternal achievement pressure was not related to their Locus of Control scores. In the case of girls, the Locus of Control scores compared with their perceived paternal or maternal achievement pressure did not show statistical significance. C. When the boy's perceived degrees of paternal overprotection was compared, the Locus of Control scores were significantly different, while both boys and girls showed significant differences on their Locus of Control scores depending upon their perception of their mothers' overprotection. However the girls did not show any differences on the Locus of Control scores when they were compared to the degrees of their perceived overprotection by their fathers. D. According to the children's perceived parental punishment styles, both boys and girls showed significant differences on Locus of Control scores. E. The parental inconsistency in behaviour perceived by children did not affect on the Locus of Control scores regardless of sex factor. F. The children's perceived amounts of incongruity between mother and father affected significantly on the Locus of Control scores of both boys and girls.;本硏究는 內外制性의 발달과정을 이해하기 위하여 父母의 養育態度에 對한 자녀의 知覺경향을 파악하고, 內外制性과 자녀의 性別, 出生順位, 父母의 敎育水準, 연령과의 관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 그리고 知覺된 부모의 양육태도와 자녀의 內外制性간의 관계를 父母자녀의 性別을 구분하여 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 서울 市內의 국민학교 6학년 男兒 469名, 女兒 428名으로 전체 897名을 대상으로 검사를 실시하였다. 內外制性 측정은 Nowicki & Strickalnd의 「Locus of Control Scale for Chidren」을 기초로 작성한 질문지를 이용했으며, 부모의 양육태도는 오기선의 「어버이와 자녀관계진단검사」와 Devereux, Bronfenbrenner & Rodgres의 「Perceived Parenting Questionnaire」를 기초로 작성한 질문지를 사용하여 측정하였다. 그리하여 부모의 양육태도에 대한 자녀의 지각에 있어서 父-母간 및 男兒-女兒간의 차이가 유의적인지를 검증해보았고, 자녀의 성별, 출생순위, 부모의 교육수준, 연령에 따라 자녀의 內外制性 점수의 차이가 유의적인지를 검증해 보았다. 또한 知覺된 부모의 양육태도에 따라 자녀의 內外制性 점수의 차이가 유의적인지를 검증해 보았다. 이에 따른 本硏究의 結果는 다음과 같다. Ⅰ. 父, 母 각각의 양육태도에 대한 男兒, 女兒의 지각 A. 男兒는 女兒보다 父와 母의 거부를 더욱 많이 지각하였고 男兒, 女兒 모두 父보다 母가 더 거부적이라고 지각하였다. B. 男兒는 女兒보다 父와 母의 성취압력을 더욱 많이 지각하였고 男兒·女兒 모두 父보다 母가 더 성취압력적이라고 지각하였다. C. 男兒는 女兒보다 母의 과보호만 더욱 많이 지각하였고 男兒·女兒 모두 父보다 母가 더 과보호적이라고 지각하였다. D. 男兒는 女兒보다 父와 母의 적극적 처벌을 더욱 많이 지각하였고 男兒·女兒 모두 母보다 父가 적극적 처벌을 많이 한다고 지각하였다. E. 男兒는 女兒보다 母의 비일관성을 더욱 많이 지각하였으며 男兒·女兒 모두 父보다 母가 더욱 일관성이 없다고 지각하였다. Ⅱ. 자녀의 性別, 出生順位, 부모의 年齡, 敎育水準에 따른 자녀의 內外制性 자녀의 성별, 출생순위에 따라 內外制性 점수의 차이는 유의적인 수준에 달하지 못하였다. 부모의 연령에 있어서는 母의 연령에 따른 女兒의 內外制性 점수만 유의적인 차이를 보였으나 父-子, 父-女, 母-子간에는 통계적으로 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 부모의 교육수준에 있어서는 女兒의 경우 부모의 교육수준이 높을수록 內制的으로 나타났으며 이는 통계적으로 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 男兒의 경우에는 부모의 교육수준에 따라 內制的인 경향을 보였으나 이는 통계적으로 유의적인 차이는 아니었다. Ⅲ. 知覺된 부모의 양육태도와 자녀의 內外制性 A. 男兒.女兒가 지각한 父·母 각각의 거부적 태도에 따라 男兒·女兒 각각의 內外制性은 유의적인 차이를 보였다. B. 男兒가 지각한 母의 성취압력에 따라 男兒의 內外制性은 유의적인 차이를 보였으나 지각된 父의 성취압력에 따라서는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 女兒의 경우에는 지각된 부모의 성취압력에 따라 內外制性의 차이를 보이지 않았다. C. 男兒가 지각한 父의 과보호에 따라 男兒의 內外制性은 유의적인 차이를 보였으며, 男兒·女兒가 지각한 母의 과보호에 따라 男兒·女兒 각각의 內外制性은 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 그러나 女兒가 지각한 父의 과보호에 따라 女兒의 內外制性은 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. D. 男兒·女兒가 지각한 父·母 각각의 처벌방식에 따라 男兒·女兒 각각의 內外制性은 유의적인 차이를 보였다. E. 男兒·女兒가 지각한 父·母 각각의 일관성에 따라 男兒·女兒 각각의 內外制性은 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. F. 男兒·女兒가 지각한 父-母간의 불일치에 따라 男兒, 女兒 각각의 內外制性은 유의적인 차이를 보였다.