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dc.contributor.author김양-
dc.creator김양-
dc.date.accessioned2016-08-25T04:08:40Z-
dc.date.available2016-08-25T04:08:40Z-
dc.date.issued2007-
dc.identifier.otherOAK-000000020607-
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/handle/2015.oak/179834-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dcollection.ewha.ac.kr/jsp/common/DcLoOrgPer.jsp?sItemId=000000020607-
dc.description.abstractIn an attempt to manipulate the functional properties of pectin, degree of esterification (DE) of commercial high-methoxy (HM), low-methoxy (LM) and low-methoxy amidated (LMA) pectins was modified with a pectin methyl esterase (PME) isolated from Valencia orange peel. After completing the PME reaction, the degree of esterification (DE) of each pectins were greatly decreased to the limit levels. Furthermore, DE of HM pectin was successfully tailored to be 40% with a help of the autotitration system in which NaOH solution was added to the response of pH decrease during deesterification. Changes in weight-average Mw were negligible after the PME reaction. When the gels were produced from the commercial pectins and their modified counterparts, instrumental and sensory hardness, springiness and chewiness were superior in the gels made of PME modified pectins to their originals. According to the partial least square regression analysis, hardness and springiness of resulting gel matrix were greatly increased with increasing Mw or with amide substitution through PME-modification. In order to measure the release of volatiles from pectin gels, five volatile compounds which had different chemical structures and hydrophobicity were incorporated to the pectin gels 24 h before the headspace over gels was analyzed by gas chromatograph. The pectin gels which contained each single compound were subject to evaluation of sensory flavor perception. The largest amount of volatile compounds was released in the pectin gel made of pectin with the highest molecular weight and the lowest degree of esterification (DE). The releases of volatiles from commercial LM and LMA pectin were relatively lower. Overall, the release of volatile compound from LMP and LMA gels was not affected by PME deesterification. In case of the gels with higher Mw, significant difference was shown in the release of volatiles between lower DE of 6 and higher DE of 40. The sensory analysis indicated that correlation between flavor and firmness was strongly negative. Thus all the flavor attributes were perceived as weaker in firm gels. Six pectin gels of which the modulus of elasticity was manipulated to be the same by applying different pectin and calcium concentration were formed. The static headspace analysis and sensory flavor analysis were conducted applying five aroma compounds with different functional groups and hydrophobicity to elucidate the relationship among pectin molecular properties, and the release of volatiles and sensory perception of pectin gels. The release of five volatile compounds was significantly different according to the pectin gel types. Higher release of less hydrophobic compounds were observed in gel which was made of pectin with the highest Mw and reduced DE of 6%, while higher release of more hydrophobic compounds was observed in LM pectin gel. The lowest release of volatiles was shown in LMA pectin gel. The sensory analysis also indicated the highest perception of flavors in gels made of PME-modified pectin while the lowest in LMA pectin gel. Partial least square regression indicated that the molecular properties and gelling factors which increasing hydrophobic properties of gel matrices, such as higher DE, amidation, pectin and calcium concentration could affect the release of volatiles and sensory flavor intensity, resulting in decreased aroma release and sensory perception.;본 연구는 펙틴의 분자 구조와 펙틴 겔의 텍스처 특성, 향기화합물 방출 및 관능적인 특성 감지의 상관관계를 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 펙틴의 메틸화 수준을 pectin methyl esterase (PME)를 이용하여 변화시키고, 펙틴 분자의 구조를 조사하였다. 또한 펙틴의 구조에 따라 펙틴 겔에 첨가된 향기 화합물이 방출되는 양상을 기기분석 및 관능검사를 통해 조사한 후, 이들의 관련성을 조사하였다. 오렌지에서 분리된 PME를 이용하여, 다양한 펙틴의 메틸화 수준(degree of methyl esterification; DE)을, 분자량을 유지하면서 한계 수준까지 감소시키거나 40% 수준으로 조절하여, 분자량, 아미드화 정도 및 DE가 다른 펙틴을 제조하였다. 이들 효소 처리된 펙틴과 상업용 저메톡시 펙틴 (LMP), 저메톡시 아미드화 펙틴 (LMAP)으로 겔을 만들고 기기적 및 관능적 방법으로 텍스쳐 특성을 조사하였다. 분자량이 유의적으로 크고, DE가 한계 수준으로 낮은 펙틴으로 만든 겔이 경도, 탄성 및 씹힘성이 탁월하게 증가되었다. 다변량 통계 분석 방법으로 펙틴 분자의 DE, 아미드화 정도 및 분자량이 펙틴 겔의 텍스처에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과, DE가 낮고 분자량이 클수록, 그리고 아미드화된 경우 경도, 탄성 및 씹힘성 등의 겔 특성이 현저히 증가되는 것을 확인하였다. 한편, 기능기와 소수성이 서로 다른 5종의 향기화합물을 분자 구조가 다양한 6종의 펙틴으로 만든 겔에 첨가하여 향기화합물의 방출 정도를 측정하여, 펙틴의 구조가 펙틴 겔에서 향기화합물의 방출 및 관능적 특성 감지에 미치는 영향을 조사하여, 분자 구조와의 관련성을 조사하였다. 펙틴, calcium phosphate, gluconolactone의 농도가 동일하게 제조된 펙틴 겔의 향기화합물 방출에 있어서는, 상업적인LMP 및 LMAP의 경우 PME에 의한 탈에스테르화 후에도 향기화합물 방출에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 분자량이 큰 펙틴으로부터 효소 반응을 통해 DE가 서로 다르게 제조된 펙틴 겔에서 향기화합물 방출은 DE에 따라 유의적인 차이가 나타났으며, DE가 현저히 감소된 펙틴으로부터 모든 향기 성분의 방출이 유의적으로 증가하였다. 전반적으로, 분자량이 크고 DE가 매우 낮은 효소 변형 펙틴에서 향기화합물 방출이 가장 컸으며, 분자량이 적고, DE가 높은 상업적인 펙틴 겔에서 향기화합물 방출이 가장 낮았다. 한편 관능적인 향미 감지는 향기화합물의 방출 정도에 의한 영향보다는 텍스처에 의해 나타나는 영향이 크게 나타나, 경도가 강한 겔은 모든 관능적인 향미 특성에서 낮은 점수를 받았으며, 상대적으로 경도가 약한 겔은 모든 향미 특성에서 높은 점수를 받았다. 경도가 향기화합물 방출 및 관능적인 감지에 미치는 영향을 배제하기 위하여, 위의 연구와 동일한 6종의 펙틴을 이용하여, Young’ modulus (E)가 동일하게 조절된 겔을 형성하였다. 동일한 경도를 가진 펙틴 겔의 경우에는 분자량이 가장 크고 DE가 가장 낮은 효소 변형 펙틴 겔로부터 소수성이 적은 향기화합물의 방출이 높게 나타났으며, 관능적으로 모든 향미 특성이 강하게 감지되는 경향을 나타내었다. 상업적인LMP에서도 향기화합물 방출이 비교적 강하게 나타났다. 다변량 통계분석으로부터 겔 matrix 에 소수성을 증가시키는 요인인 펙틴 농도, 칼슘 농도, DE, DA는 향기화합물의 방출 및 관능적인 감지에 모두 영향을 미쳐, 소수성을 증가시키는 요인이 강할수록 향기화합물의 방출 및 관능적인 감지가 낮아지는 것으로 나타났다.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsCHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW 8 2.1. Pectin Structure 8 2.2 Mechanisms of pectin gelation 9 2.3. Pectin methyl esterase (PME) 14 2.4. Release of volatiles, texture and sensory analysis 17 CHAPTER III. MODIFICATION OF PECTINS WITH PECTIN METHYL ESTERASE AND THEIR EFFECTS ON INSTRUMENTAL AND SENSORY TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF PECTIN GELS 25 ABSTRACT 25 3.1. Introduction 27 3.2. Materials and Methods 30 3.2.1. Materials 30 3.2.2. Measurement of PME activity 31 3.2.3. Pectin deesterification 31 3.2.4. Measurement of galacturonic acid(GA) contents 32 3.2.5. Methyl ester contents 32 3.2.6. Calculation of degree of esterification 33 3.2.7. Apparent DE change and production of pectin with defined DE 34 3.2.8. Measurement of molecular weight 34 3.2.9. Materials for gel preparation 35 3.2.10. Procedure to modify pectins by pectin methylesterase(PME) 35 3.2.11. Measurement of sucrose contents 36 3.2.12. Instrumental texture properties of commercial and PME-modified pectin gels 37 3.2.12.1. Gel preparation 37 3.2.12.2. Texture profile analysis of commercial and PME-modified pectin gels 38 3.2.12.3. Statistical analysis 39 3.2.13. Syneresis test 40 3.2.14. Sensory descriptive analysis on texture of commercial and PME-modified pectin gel 40 3.2.14.1. Gel preparation 41 3.2.14.2. Panel training and selection 41 3.2.14.3. Sample preparation and presentation 42 3.2.14.4. Evaluation procedure 42 3.2.14.5. Statistical analysis 45 3.2.15. Relationship among molecular structure, instrumental and sensory texture 45 3.3. Results and Discussion 47 3.3.1. PME Activity and apparent DE change 47 3.3.2. Deesterification of pectins 47 3.3.3. Molecular weights of commercial and PME-modified pectins 53 3.3.4. Sucrose contents of commercial and PME-modified pectins 53 3.3.5. Syneresis test 53 3.3.6. Texture profile analysis 58 3.3.7. Sensory descriptive analysis on the texture of commercial and PME- modified pectin gels 60 3.3.8. Relationships among molecular structure, instrumental and sensory texture of commercial and PME-modified pectin gels 64 3.4. Conclusions 70 CHAPTER IV. RELEASE OF VOLATILES AND SENSORY PERCEPTION OF COMMERCIAL AND ENZYMATICALLY MODIFIED PECTIN GELS 77 ABSTRACT 77 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2. Materials and Methods 84 4.2.1. Measurement of the release of volatile compounds from pectin gels 84 4.2.1.1. Volatile compounds 84 4.2.1.2. Gel preparation 84 4.2.1.3. Static headspace analysis of commercial and PME-modified pectin gels 85 4.2.2. Sensory flavor perception of pectin gels 85 4.2.2.1. Panel training and selection 85 4.2.2.2. Sample Preparation and Presentation 87 4.2.2.3. Evaluation Procedure 88 4.2.2.4. Statistical Analysis 91 4.2.3. Relationship between sensory texture and flavor perception 91 4.3. Results and discussion 93 4.3.1. Release of volatiles from commercial and PME-modified pectin gels 93 4.3.2. Sensory flavor perception of commercial and PME- modified pectin gels 98 4.4. Conclusions 105 CHAPTER V. RELEASE OF VOLATILES AND SENSORY PERCEPTION FROM PECTIN GELS OF THE SAME RIGIDITY 113 ABSTRACT 113 5.1. Introduction 115 5.2. Materials and Methods 118 5.2.1. Gel characterization 118 5.2.1.1. Gel preparation 118 5.2.1.2. Compression measurements 118 5.2.1.3. Calculation of Young’s modulus 118 5.2.1.4. Statistical analysis 119 5.2.2. Syneresis tests 120 5.2.3. Measurement of the release of volatile compounds from pectin gels of the same rigidity 120 5.2.3.1. Volatile compounds 120 5.2.3.2. Gel preparation 121 5.2.3.3. Measurement of the release of volatile compounds from pectin gels of the same rigidity by static headspace analysis 121 5.2.4. Sensory flavor perception and Descriptive analysis of pectin gel texture 122 5.3. Results and Discussion 123 5.3.1. Gel characterization 123 5.3.2. Syneresis test 126 5.3.3. Measurement of the release of aroma compounds from pectin gels of the same rigidity 128 5.3.4. Sensory flavor perception 131 5.3.5. Relationship among the molecular properties of pectin, the release of volatiles, the sensory flavor perception, and gel forming conditions 135 5.3.6. Sensory descriptive analysis on texture of pectin gels of the same rigidity 139 5.4. Conclusions 143 REFERENCES 145 APPENDIX 148 국문초록 149-
dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent1227565 bytes-
dc.languageeng-
dc.publisher이화여자대학교 대학원-
dc.titleEffects of enzymatic modification of pectins on texture, flavor release and sensory perception of pectin gels containing various volatile compounds-
dc.typeDoctoral Thesis-
dc.format.pagexiii, 152 p.-
dc.identifier.thesisdegreeDoctor-
dc.identifier.major대학원 식품공학과-
dc.date.awarded2007. 2-
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