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Tiered human health risk assessment of antibacterial quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in dishwashing detergents
- Title
- Tiered human health risk assessment of antibacterial quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in dishwashing detergents
- Authors
- Pack, Eun Chul; Lee, Ho Geon; Jeong, Hee-jin; Lee, Jungmin; Jang, Dae Yong; Kim, Hyung Soo; Ha Lee, Seung; Lim, Kyung Min; Choi, Dalwoong
- Ewha Authors
- 임경민
- SCOPUS Author ID
- 임경민
- Issue Date
- 2023
- Journal Title
- REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY
- ISSN
- 0273-2300
1096-0295
- Citation
- REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY vol. 137
- Keywords
- Quaternary ammonium compounds; Tiered risk assessment; Dishwashing detergent; Margin of safety
- Publisher
- ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
- Indexed
- SCIE; SCOPUS
- Document Type
- Article
- Abstract
- Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are widely used in consumer products because of their unique antibacterial properties, and dishwashing detergents are a major source of exposure through oral, inhalation, and dermal routes. The three classes of QACs, including benzalkonium chloride (BAC), n-alkyldimethylethylbenzy-lammonium chloride (ADEBAC), and di-n-alkyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), in spray and non-spray types of dishwashing detergents were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrom-etry. A tiered risk assessment approach was also considered. In the Tier 1 assessment, the mean and worst-case exposure were estimated to screen for rough exposure and risk levels. In the Tier 2 assessment, mean and upper -tail exposure levels were calculated based on the exposure parameters of Korean consumers using Monte Carlo simulation. QACs had a low frequency of detection of up to 20% in dishwashing detergents, and the contents of detected QACs varied depending on the individual samples. Based on the results of the Tier 1 assessment, BACs and DDACs posed potential health risks via inhalation and dermal routes. Tier 2 assessment suggested that the current level of oral and dermal exposure of Korean consumers to QACs in dishwashing detergents is unlikely to pose a health risk, even for upper-tail exposure groups. However, the present results suggest that spray-type DDACs may pose a health risk in the upper-tail inhalation exposure group, and further investigation is required to clarify this risk.
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105306
- Appears in Collections:
- 약학대학 > 약학과 > Journal papers
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