Study of cosmogenic radionuclides in the COSINE-100 NaI(Tl) detectors

Abstract

COSINE-100 is a direct detection dark matter search experiment that uses a 106 kg array of eight NaI(Tl) crystals that are kept underground at the Yangyang Underground Laboratory to avoid cosmogenic activation of radioisotopes by cosmic rays. Even though the cosmogenic activity is declining with time, there are still significant background rates from the remnant nuclides. In this paper, we report measurements of cosmogenic isotope contaminations with less than one year half-lives that are based on extrapolations of the time dependent activities of their characteristic energy peaks to activity rates at the time the crystals were deployed underground. For longer-lived 109Cd (T1/2=1.27 y) and 22Na (T1/2=2.6 y), we investigate time correlations and coincidence events due to several emissions. The inferred sea-level production rates are compared with calculations based on the ACTIVIA and MENDL-2 model calculations and experimental data. The results from different approaches are in reasonable agreement with each other. For 3H, which has a long, 12.3 year half-life, we evaluated the activity levels and the exposure times that are in reasonable agreement with the time period estimated for each crystal's exposure. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.