Barriers and facilitators to enforcing E-cigarette regulations for online sales

Abstract

Introduction: Online sales of e-cigarettes challenge the enforcement of state tobacco control (TC) policies. Using key informant (KI) interviews, we examined barriers and facilitators to implementing TC policies in the context of e-cigarettes sold online. Methods: From April 2023 to December 2024, we invited state representatives from all 50 states and the District of Columbia to participate in KI interviews. Guided by Bullock’s (2021) policy implementation framework, we examined licensure, minimum legal sales age, flavor bans, and taxation. Data were analyzed using team-based, iterative coding. Results: We conducted 74 semi-structured interviews with 90 KIs across 41 states, of which online sales emerged as a key theme in 41 interviews with 60 KIs across 34 states. KIs noted how online sales interacted with existing legal frameworks and enforcement methods, often creating challenges, including jurisdictional ambiguity over out-of-state or international sellers, limited capacity to monitor the emergence of new online sellers, statutory language not designed for digital commerce, supply chain ambiguity, and logistical difficulties in conducting online decoy buys. KIs noted several potential enforcement facilitators, including the Prevent All Cigarette Trafficking Act (e.g., monthly delivery sales reports), consumer complaint systems, internet surveillance, directories of products authorized for sale, and interstate coordination of data sharing. Some states pursued legal action against online retailers using consumer protection laws. Conclusions: Online e-cigarette sales present a regulatory challenge for TC implementation, requiring policy adaptation, cross-jurisdictional coordination, enhanced monitoring, and research to guide effective regulation of the digital marketplace. Implications: This work may inform future policy and enforcement strategies by highlighting the unique regulatory gaps created by online e-cigarette sales. Traditional tobacco control mechanisms, developed initially for brick-and-mortar retailers, are not well-suited to the rapidly evolving online marketplace. Strengthening the utility of the Prevent All Cigarette Trafficking Act by integrating reporting, shipping, and tax compliance data into state licensure, minimum legal sales age, flavor, and tax enforcement could help states more effectively detect noncompliant sellers. Complementary measures such as robust age verification, clearer statutory definitions, and partnerships with carriers, financial institutions, and technology platforms are critical to adapting tobacco control to the realities of digital commerce. © The Author(s) 2026. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.