Traditional Complementary and Alternative Medicine Utilization Among Korean American Older Adults: A Multilevel Analysis

Abstract

Korean American older adults face challenges in accessing healthcare due to affordability and culturally distinct health beliefs. Many turn to traditional complementary and alternative medicine (TCAM) to address their health needs, yet research on TCAM use among this population remains limited. This study examined individual- and geographic-level factors associated with TCAM use using the data from the Study of Older Korean Americans (N = 2,150), a cross-sectional survey conducted across five U.S. states. Logistic regression analysis showed that TCAM use was predicted by health and well-being factors (arthritis, health needs, and lack of interest in work/leisure), acculturation (English use), demographic factors (gender and religion), and geographic factors (perceived Korean community density). Multilevel analysis revealed significant regional differences: individuals living in areas with higher Korean population density, both perceived and objective, were more likely to use TCAM. These findings support the need for culturally and regionally tailored healthcare practices and policies. © The Author(s) 2025