Ecological Drivers of Vertebrate Richness and Implications for Inland Wetland Survey in Korea

Abstract

Wetlands have been recognized as nature-based solutions to the climate crisis. This study evaluates the state of standardization in nationwide inland wetland survey datasets and analyzes terrestrial vertebrate patterns by integrating datasets with public environmental data. Species richness data for amphibians/reptiles (432 wetlands), birds (1183 wetlands), and mammals (72 wetlands) were compiled from 134 reports published between 2000 and 2021. Using generalized linear models (GLMs) and generalized additive models (GAMs), we assessed how 15 explanatory variables (climate, topography, wetland information, land use, and water quality) relate to species richness. Model families were chosen for each taxonomic group, and variables were selected using the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and ecological plausibility. Deviance explained was 55.5% for amphibians/reptiles, 60.1% for birds, and 52.4% for mammals. Wetland area and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were positively associated with species richness across all groups. Despite the large volume of survey data, inconsistent reporting formats and limited metadata constrain longitudinal and time series analyses. Standardized protocols and metadata management are therefore needed to build a systematic national database that can support wetland ecological modeling and conservation policy. © 2026 by the authors.