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dc.contributor.advisor조경숙*
dc.contributor.author이윤영*
dc.creator이윤영*
dc.date.accessioned2024-08-19T16:31:39Z-
dc.date.available2024-08-19T16:31:39Z-
dc.date.issued2024*
dc.identifier.otherOAK-000000232149*
dc.identifier.urihttps://dcollection.ewha.ac.kr/common/orgView/000000232149en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/handle/2015.oak/268863-
dc.description.abstract석유계 탄화수소(petroleum hydrocarbons; PHs)와 중금속은 생태계와 인간의 건강을 위협하는 대표적인 오염물질이다. 다양한 오염물질이 토양 내에서 공존할 경우, 직간접적인 상호작용을 통해 오염물질의 반응성, 독성 및 생물학적이용도 등의 특성이 변화한다. 즉, 토양 내에서 PHs와 중금속이 공존하게 되면 이들의 거동은 매우 복잡하게 되며, 나아가 토양 정화에 있어서 예측 불가능한 문제를 야기할 수 있다. 식물의 정화능력을 이용하는 식물정화(phytoremediation)은 대규모 오염토양을 정화하기 위한 친환경적인 정화방법이다. 식물정화에 관한 수많은 선행연구들이 존재하지만, 다음과 같은 한계점을 지니고 있다. 첫째, 대부분의 선행연구들은 복합오염물질보다는 단일오염물질의 처리에 초점을 맞추어 진행되었다. 둘째, 식물정화법은 정화에 오랜 시간이 소요됨에도 불구하고, 대부분의 연구들은 상대적으로 짧은 기간(30–180일) 동안 진행되었다. 셋째, 대부분의 연구는 기후 영향을 배제하고, 실험실 규모나 온실조건 등 통제된 환경에서 진행되었다. 마지막으로 많은 선행 연구들이 오염물질의 제거에는 초점을 맞추었으나, 식물정화에 중요한 역할을 하는 미생물 군집 구조의 중요성은 상대적으로 간과되었다. 이러한 점을 고려하여, 본 연구에서는 PHs와 중금속으로 복합 오염된 토양을 대상으로 식물정화 효율과 미생물 군집구조의 거동을 장기적으로 평가하고자 하였다. 또한 기후요인, 토양 특성, 오염물질 농도 및 미생물 군집 간의 상관관계를 다각적으로 분석하였다. 나아가 식물정화 효율을 강화하기 위한 방안으로 식물생장촉진 박테리아(plant growth-promoting bacteria; PGPB)를 분리하고 그 특성을 평가하였다. 본 연구에서는 대표적인 정화 식물인 Festuca arundinacea (톨페스큐)와 Zea mays (옥수수)를 이용하여, 디젤과 중금속(Cu, Pb 및 Cd)으로 복합오염된 토양에서 19개월 이상 파일럿 스케일의 실험을 수행하였다. 톨페스큐는 디젤 및 중금속 복합오염토양의 정화에 적합한 반면, 옥수수는 디젤 단일오염토양의 정화에 적합하였다. 톨페스큐를 디젤 단일오염토양에 식재하였을 때 총 석유계 탄화수소(total petroleum hydrocarbon; TPH)의 최대 제거율은 76%였으나, 복합오염토양에서는 63%로 유의하게 감소하였다. 그러나 톨페스큐는 중금속에 높은 내성능을 보였으며, 특히 Cd의 생물농축인자(bioconcentration factor; BCF)가 0.58로 가장 높은 흡수 효율을 보였다. 반면, 디젤 단일오염토양에서 옥수수의 TPH 제거율은 96%로 매우 높았으며, 복합오염토양에서는 75%로 감소하였다. 톨페스큐와는 대조적으로, 옥수수는 세 종의 중금속에 대해 0.06–0.19 범위의 낮은 BCF를 보였다. 오염토양의 식물정화가 진행되는 동안 토양 내 미생물 군집 구조는 유의하게 변화하였다. Immundisolibacter, Solimonas, Pseudomonas, Marinobacter, Sphingomonas, Acidobacterium 및 Rugosibacter 등의 박테리아가 디젤 분해와 중금속 내성에 주요한 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 토양 미생물 군집 구조의 변화는 정화 방법보다 오염물질의 종류에 의해 더 큰 영향을 받았다. 상관성 분석 결과, 식물정화의 효능은 기후인자보다 토양의 물리화학적 특성에 유의한 영향을 받았다. PGPB는 식물생장촉진능과 오염물질 제거능을 통해 식물정화를 강화할 수 있는 생물자원으로 활용 가능하다. 본 연구에서는 디젤 및 중금속 오염토양에서 약 2년간 자란 톨페스큐의 근권으로부터 4 종의 PGPB (Pseudomonas sp. NL3, Bacillus sp. NL6, Bacillus sp. LBY14, and Priestia sp. TSY6)를 분리하였다. 네 종의 PGPB는 우수한 생물계면활성제(biosurfactant) 생성능, 인가용화능, 사이드로포어(siderophore) 생성능 및 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) 생성능을 보였다. 공통적으로 디젤 분해능은 우수하지 못하였으며, 디젤과 중금속으로 복합오염된 토양에서 톨페스큐의 종자 발아에 유의한 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 그러나 네 종의 PGPB는 토양 내 중금속의 스트레스를 완화하여, 중금속 오염토양에서 톨페스큐의 종자 발아와 모종 성장을 유의하게 향상시켰다. 본 연구는 통제되지 않은 실제 자연 환경에서 장기간의 식물정화연구를 통해 오염물질(디젤 및 중금속)의 거동과 미생물 군집 구조의 변화에 대한 유용한 정보를 제공하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 PHs와 중금속으로 오염된 실제 토양을 대상으로 효과적은 식물정화 전략을 수립하기 위한 자료로 활용될 수 있다. 또한 본 연구에서 분리하여 평가한 4 종의 PGPB를 활용함으로써, 식물정화 성능을 강화하여 오염토양 복원에 기여할 수 있다.;Petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) and heavy metals are major pollutants that pose threats to both ecosystems and human health. When present together in soil, they can interact directly and/or indirectly, altering their reactivity, speciation, toxicity, and bioavailability. Consequently, the coexistence of PHs and heavy metals in soil complicates their behavior, leading to unpredictable challenges in remediation efforts. Phytoremediation, which utilizes green plants, is considered an environmentally sound approach for remediating large-scale contaminated soil. Despite numerous studies on phytoremediation, several limitations have been identified. Firstly, previous research has primarily focused on single pollutants rather than multiple pollutants. Secondly, most studies have monitored phytoremediation for relatively short periods of around 30–180 days. Thirdly, much of the research has been conducted on a laboratory scale or under controlled greenhouse conditions, thereby excluding the influence of climatic factors. Finally, most studies focused on the removal of pollutants, while the bacterial activities were overlooked. Given these considerations, the objective of this thesis was to investigate the long-term dynamics of phytoremediation performance and bacterial community structure in co-contaminated soil with PHs and heavy metals on a pilot scale. A thorough examination was conducted on the correlation between climatic conditions, soil properties, pollutant levels, and the bacterial communities. Furthermore, to establish bacterial candidates for potential application in enhancing phytoremediation, plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) were isolated, and their capacity to enhance phytoremediation was demonstrated. Two representative phytoremediation plants, Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue) and Zea mays (maize), were cultivated in contaminated soil with diesel and heavy metals (Cu, Pb, and Cd) for over 19 months under natural conditions. Tall fescue was found to be a suitable phytoremediation plant for diesel and heavy metals co-contaminated soil, while maize was suitable for contaminated soil solely with diesel. In tall fescue phytoremediation treatments, the maximum total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal efficiency was 76% in diesel-contaminated soil but reduced to 63% in co-contaminated soil. However, tall fescue exhibited high resistance to heavy metals, particularly with Cd having the highest uptake efficiency with a bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 0.58. Conversely, maize showed higher TPH removability of 96% in diesel-contaminated soil compared to 75% in co-contaminated soil, with lower BCF values ranging from 0.06 to 0.19 compared to tall fescue. Significant changes were observed in the soil bacterial community structures during the phytoremediation period. Several genera, including Immundisolibacter, Solimonas, Pseudomonas, Marinobacter, Sphingomonas, Acidobacterium, and Rugosibacter, played key roles in PH degradation and heavy metals resistance. The changes in bacterial communities were more influenced by pollutant types than remediation methods. Association analysis revealed that phytoremediation performances were significantly influenced by soil properties rather than climatic factors. PGPB were found to be promising bioresources for enhancing phytoremediation through their PGP traits and pollutant removal capacity. Four PGPB strains (Pseudomonas sp. NL3, Bacillus sp. NL6, Bacillus sp. LBY14, and Priestia sp. TSY6) were isolated from the rhizosphere of tall fescue grown in diesel- and heavy metal-contaminated soil. These strains exhibited superior PGP traits, such as biosurfactant production, P solubilization, siderophore production, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production. While they did not exhibit superior diesel degradability or enhance seed germination of tall fescue in co-contaminated soil with diesel and heavy metals, they effectively mitigated heavy metal stress in soil, thereby improving seed germination and seedling growth of tall fescue in heavy metals-contaminated soil. This thesis offers valuable insights into the behavior of pollutants and the dynamics of bacterial communities during long-term phytoremediation under natural environmental conditions. The findings can serve as a foundation for developing effective strategies to remediate real soils contaminated with PHs and heavy metals. Furthermore, the identification of four PGPB strains in this study presents promising opportunities for enhancing phytoremediation efforts. By harnessing the capabilities of these PGPB strains, phytoremediation performance can be strengthened, thus contributing to the restoration of polluted soil.*
dc.description.tableofcontentsI. Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Backgrounds 1 1.2. Limitations in prior research 3 1.3. Objectives of this thesis 5 1.4. Hypotheses of this thesis 5 1.5. Organization of this thesis 6 II. Chapter 2. Literature review 8 2.1. Introduction 8 2.2. Methodology for this review 9 2.3. Soil pollution 9 2.3.1. Soil pollution with petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) 9 2.3.2. Soil pollution with heavy metals 13 2.3.3. Coexistence of PHs and heavy metals in soil 17 2.4. Remediation of contaminated soil 20 2.4.1. Comparison of three remediation strategies 20 2.4.2. Bioremediation 25 2.4.3. Phytoremediation 28 2.5. Strategies for enhancing phytoremediation 34 2.5.1. Parameters influencing phytoremediation 34 2.5.2. Enhancement strategies by soil amendments 36 2.5.3. Enhancement strategies by plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) 38 2.6. Evaluation of phytoremediation 47 2.6.1. Cost assessment of phytoremediation 47 2.6.2. Applicability of phytoremediation 48 2.7. Limitations and future perspectives for phytoremediation 50 III. Chapter 3. Seasonal dynamics of bacterial community structure in diesel oil-contaminated soil cultivated with tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) 52 3.1. Introduction 52 3.2. Materials and Methods 54 3.2.1. Soil preparation 54 3.2.2. Experimental setup 54 3.2.3. Instrumental analysis 55 3.2.4. Bacterial community structure analysis. 55 3.2.5. Statistical analysis 56 3.3. Results 57 3.3.1. Seasonal degradation performance of TPH in diesel-contaminated soil 57 3.3.2. Seasonal dynamics of the bacterial community structure 60 3.3.3. Extended local similarity analysis (eLSA) 65 3.4. Discussion 66 3.5. Conclusions 70 IV. Chapter 4. Phytoremediation and bacterial community dynamics of diesel- and heavy metal-contaminated soil: Long-term monitoring on a pilot scale 72 4.1. Introduction. 72 4.2. Materials and Methods 74 4.2.1. Soil preparation. 74 4.2.2. Experimental setup 76 4.2.3. Instrumental analysis 78 4.2.4. Soil enzyme activity analysis 78 4.2.5. Bacterial community structure analysis. 79 4.2.6. Statistical analysis 80 4.3. Results 81 4.3.1. Degradation of TPH in co-contaminated soil 81 4.3.2. Uptake of heavy metals by tall fescue 83 4.3.3. Soil enzyme activity 85 4.3.4. Bacterial community dynamics. 87 4.3.5. Extended local similarity analysis (eLSA) 91 4.4. Discussion 93 4.5. Conclusions 103 V. Chapter 5. Long-term comparison of the performance of biostimulation and phytoextraction in soil contaminated with diesel and heavy metals 105 5.1. Introduction 105 5.2. Materials and Methods 107 5.2.1. Contaminated soil preparation 107 5.2.2. Pot experiments setup. 109 5.2.3. Residual concentration of TPH and heavy metals in soil and plants 111 5.2.4. Bacterial community structure dynamics monitoring 112 5.2.5. Statistical analysis 112 5.3. Results 113 5.3.1. TPH removal in biostimulation and phytoextraction treatment 113 5.3.2. Heavy metals uptake by maize 115 5.3.3. Correlation analysis of environmental factors and remediation performance 118 5.3.4. Bacterial community structure dynamics 120 5.3.5. Extended local similarity analysis (eLSA) 127 5.4. Discussion 129 5.5. Conclusions 133 VI. Chapter 6. Isolation and characterization of plant growth-promoting bacteria for the phytoremediation of diesel- and heavy metal-contaminated soil 134 6.1. Introduction. 134 6.2. Materials and Methods 136 6.2.1. Isolation of rhizobacteria. 136 6.2.2. Screening of bacteria with PGP traits 137 6.2.3. Quantitative evaluation to establish optimal conditions for PGP traits 137 6.2.4. Identification of four PGP bacteria 139 6.3. Results 140 6.3.1. Qualitative evaluation of 49 isolates for PGP traits. 140 6.3.2. Identifying optimal conditions for PGP traits through quantitative evaluation. 144 6.3.3. Final selection and identification of four PGP bacteria 152 6.4. Discussion 157 6.5. Conclusions 162 VII. Chapter 7. Heavy metal-resistant plant growth-promoting bacteria and their effect on seed germination of Festuca arundinacea 164 7.1. Introduction 164 7.2. Materials and Methods 167 7.2.1. Bacterial strains preparation 167 7.2.2. IAA production analysis 167 7.2.3. Analysis of heavy metals tolerance. 168 7.2.4. Analysis of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) degradation 168 7.2.5. Inoculation effect on tall fescue seed germination 169 7.2.6. Statistical analysis 171 7.3. Results 172 7.3.1. Comparison of IAA production by four PGP bacteria 172 7.3.2. Evaluation of heavy metals tolerance 173 7.3.3. TPH removability at different initial diesel concentration 179 7.3.4. Enhancement of seed germination of tall fescue 181 7.4. Discussion 184 7.5. Conclusions 188 VIII. Chapter 8. Conclusions 190 8.1. Conclusions of this thesis 190 8.2. Study significance 192 8.3. Recommendations for future research 193 References 195 Abstract (in Korean) 226*
dc.formatapplication/pdf*
dc.format.extent6121587 bytes*
dc.languageeng*
dc.publisher이화여자대학교 대학원*
dc.subjectPhytoremediation, Co-contamination, Long-term monitoring, Bioinoculants*
dc.subject.ddc600*
dc.titleEnhanced phytoremediation in co-contaminated soils with diesel and heavy metals*
dc.typeDoctoral Thesis*
dc.title.subtitleLong-term monitoring and bacterial inoculants*
dc.creator.othernameLee, Yunyeong*
dc.format.pagexvi, 228 p*
dc.identifier.thesisdegreeDoctor*
dc.identifier.major대학원 환경공학과*
dc.date.awarded2024. 8*
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