Phthalocyanine J-aggregate nanoparticles with enormous-redshifted and intense absorption: Potential structure-J-aggregation relationships and application in tumor-associated macrophages-targeted phototheranostics

Abstract

Phthalocyanines (Pcs) are considered promising in cancer phototherapy. However, their maximum absorption wavelengths are only around 700 nm, which cannot allow deep tissue penetration and leads to poor therapeutic efficacy. To expand their clinical application, significantly shifting their absorption to longer wavelengths is urgently required. Dye J-aggregates exhibit a redshifted absorption relative to its monomer. However, Pc J-aggregates with enormous-redshifted and intense absorption is rarely reported, and little is known about the relationships between Pc structure and J-aggregation. Herein, such Pc J-aggregates are ingeniously conceived. With a yeast β-D-glucan-ursodeoxycholic acid conjugate as a potential tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs)-targeting carrier and 1-(4-carboxyethylphenoxy) zinc (II) phthalocyanine (Pc1) as a model, Pc1 J-aggregate nanoparticle (NanoPc1) is obtained via ultrasonication-aided emulsification-solvent evaporation technique. NanoPc1 displays strong absorption at 830 nm, with a 156 nm redshift. Further investigation on another twenty-four Pcs demonstrates that unsubstituted zinc (II) or magnesium (II) Pc and hydrophobic mono-substituted zinc (II) or magnesium (II) Pcs with mono-substituted phenoxy or phenylthio or naphthoxy as a substituent can readily form desired Pc J-aggregates with significant redshifts (140–165 nm). The other Pcs fail to form expected J-aggregates probably due to absence of central metals, steric hindrance on central metals (atoms), forming axial coordination on central metals, disorder tendency during self-assembly or hydrophilicity. The theoretical calculation indicates that Pc1 in its J-aggregates exhibits a spiral-like arrangement, and the reduction in the energy gap between HOMO and LUMO and variation of intermolecular π-π interaction caused by J-aggregate formation are responsible for the huge redshift. Additionally, using NanoPc1 as an exemplar, such Pc J-aggregate nanoparticles are substantiated to afford TAMs-targeted and efficient tri-modal imaging and photothermal therapy in a H22 mouse model. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.