Recent advances in single-entity electrochemistry for metal nanoparticle, nanodroplet, and bio-entity analysis

Abstract

The field of analytical/electroanalytical chemistry has witnessed great improvements over the past period. Single-entity electrochemistry (SEE) was developed approximately 20 years ago and SEE results for various entities such as metal nanoparticles/nanocatalysts, non-metallic nanoparticles, water-in-oil/oil-in-water emulsions, cells, proteins, micelles, liposomes, and DNA have been reported. This review covers the fundamental principles and recent developments in SEE, particularly for single metal nanoparticles, emulsion nanodroplets, and bio-entities. The materials that have been used, how they have been studied, and their applications are comprehensively described. This review highlights the innovative ideas in SEE and opens up a new avenue for researchers working in similar fields in the near future. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.