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dc.contributor.advisor신상근-
dc.contributor.author김수진-
dc.creator김수진-
dc.date.accessioned2016-08-26T04:08:20Z-
dc.date.available2016-08-26T04:08:20Z-
dc.date.issued2016-
dc.identifier.otherOAK-000000121690-
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/handle/2015.oak/214937-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dcollection.ewha.ac.kr/jsp/common/DcLoOrgPer.jsp?sItemId=000000121690-
dc.description.abstractDrawing on a functional perspective that views grammar as a context-sensitive, meaning-making resource (Larsen-Freeman, 2001) for improving writing proficiency, the present study set out to investigate the effectiveness of grammar instruction in developing Korean college students’ EFL writing abilities. It employed a pre- and post-test design, with 48 participants who were enrolled in the mandatory freshman English composition course. Pre-test, pedagogical intervention (of grammar support), and post-test took place over a 10-week period. The participants came from two intact sessions, both of which were taught by the researcher. After confirming the homogeneity of the two groups, one was randomly assigned as a control group and the other as an experimental group. The control group was taught with traditional process writing methods, and the experimental group with an innovative approach to process-oriented EFL writing pedagogy devised for the study. Central to the instructional methodology was the same for both groups, except that the syllabus for the experimental group was supplemented by grammar support, in an attempt to improve EFL learners’ writing proficiency by raising the linguistic awareness. Before the start of the study, all participants filled out a short background questionnaire that elicited information about their prior experiences of learning English and of living in an English-dominant country. Core components of the pedagogical intervention included two types of grammar support: 15-minute in-class grammar instruction and an individualized online grammar practice. The in-class grammar instruction was given 10 times following a guided discovery approach, one of the “focus on form” approaches advanced by Ellis (2002a) and Ellis, Basturkmen, and Loewen (2002). Focus-on-form treatments were employed to engage learner attention and to facilitate noticing of the target grammar structures and their functions. The grammar forms for each in-class lesson were selected based on the results of the diagnostic grammar test, which was administered at the beginning of the experiment in order to gain insights into the students’ strengths and weaknesses in grammar skills. The grammar lessons were integrated into the regular class instruction, using course materials designed for the study. The individualized online grammar practice activity was provided two times to fine-tune individual learner’s level of English grammar mastery, utilizing an online grammar practice website constructed for the study. The grammar points on the website were selected based on the error analysis results of the learner corpus comprising 238 Korean student essays (112,098 tokens), which was compiled by the researcher before the start of the study. According to each student’s grammatical knowledge, the experimental group was assigned the individualized online grammar practice as a follow-up task while the control group was not. Both pre- and post-tests were to handwrite an essay in respond to the prompt of Test of Written English, a required component of the computer-based TOEFL. Student writing of each group was comparatively analyzed to gauge progress in English writing skills in terms of the overall writing performance, accuracy, and complexity. At the end of the experiment, the experimental group took a survey regarding the two types of grammar support that they received during the 10-week span. The statistical analyses indicate a positive effect of the grammar support on the overall writing performance, mixed results on accuracy, and little effects on complexity. Specifically, the analyses of the analytic writing rubric scores reveal that the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group in the rating dimensions of content, vocabulary, and grammar. As for the effects of the grammar support on accuracy, there was a significant difference in the post-treatment essay scores of the two groups in the three grammatical structures of subject-verb agreement, the use of an article in front of a count noun, and the use of passive vs. active voice, but no such results for pronoun-antecedent agreement and the use of the present perfect tense. The survey results illustrate that a majority of the participants perceived the grammar support-both in-class and online-as helpful and beneficial in writing better compositions and that they favored the in-class grammar instruction over the individualized online grammar practice. The positive results of the study are largely attributed to not only the pedagogical methodology that tried to impart sufficient grammar support in the EFL composition class, not restricting other dimensions of writing, but an endeavor to customize grammar instruction to the needs of a specific individual student and group. This study is significant in supplying rigorous, theorized evidence for the potential benefits of supplemental grammar instruction intertwined into the process-oriented composition curriculum to foster development in EFL writing. Pedagogical principles of grammar teaching and implications of the study are delineated, and suggestions for future research are proposed. ;본 연구는 문법 교육이 일정부분 소외되고 있는 일반적인 과정 중심 쓰기 지도법을 보완하기 위한 방편으로 학습자 코퍼스 분석을 통한 맞춤식 문법학습 활동을 제안하고 그 효과를 검증하기 위한 것이다. 본 연구에서는 두 가지 형태의 문법학습 활동이 사용되었는데, 한가지는 작문수업 중 약 15분간의 미니레슨(mini-lesson) 형태로 이루어진 문법 지도 방식, 나머지 한가지는 일대일 맞춤식 온라인 문법학습을 통해 각 학습자의 문법이해 수준에 따라 필요 문법 항목을 설명하고 문제 풀이를 제공하는 방식이다. 이 두 방식은 불특정 다수를 대상으로 하는 피상적인 접근이 아니라, 각 학습자의 문법 실력에 따라 유기적으로 접목할 수 있는 맞춤형 교육 도구라는 점에 의의가 있다. 수업 내 미니레슨 자료와 온라인 교육 도구를 제작하기 위하여, 총 112,098 어절 크기의 학습자 코퍼스를 구축, 오류 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과에 따라 한국 대학생들이 가장 많이 틀리는 22가지 문법 항목을 도출한 후, 이를 바탕으로 미니레슨 유인물과 온라인 문법학습 사이트를 제작하였다. 총 22가지의 문법 항목 중 10회에 걸쳐 제공될 미니레슨의 문법 항목을 도출하기 위하여, 학기초 학습자 코퍼스 오류분석 결과를 바탕으로 한 진단평가를 실시하였다. 본 실험의 연구 대상은 교양 영어 수업을 듣는 48명의 대학생들로, 각각 실험 집단과 통제 집단으로 나누어 총 10주간 실험을 진행하였다. 학생들은 1편의 논설문 쓰기를 과제로 부여받아 총 3번의 결과물을 제출하였다. 교사는 첫 번째 원고에는 서면(書面) 피드백을, 두 번째 원고에는 일대일 글쓰기 컨퍼런스 (writing conference)를 통한 구두(口頭) 피드백을 제공하였다. 이 중, 실험 집단은 교사에 의해 문법적으로 취약한 부분이 표시된 문법 진단표(grammar prescription)를 추가로 부여 받았다. 문법 진단표를 받은 학생들은 온라인 문법학습 사이트를 통해 문법 진단표에 명시된 본인의 취약 문법 항목을 집중적으로 학습하였다. 또한 실험 집단은 10주간의 실험 동안 총 10회에 걸친 문법 미니레슨을 받았다. 학생들은 실험 전·후 작문시험을 보았고, 실험 집단의 학생들은 실험 후 실험기간 동안 제공받은 문법 지도에 관한 설문지를 작성하였다. 실험 후 작문시험 채점 결과, 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 실험 집단의 실험 후 작문시험의 총괄적 점수가 통제 집단의 점수보다 통계적으로 유의미하게 향상되었다. 2) 실험 집단 학생들의 경우, 특히 ‘내용’과 ‘어휘’, ‘문법’ 항목에서의 점수가 뚜렷하게 향상되었다. 반면 ‘구성’과 ‘구두점’ 점수의 향상 폭은 통계적으로 유의미하지 않았다. 3) 실험 집단의 실험 후 작문시험의 정확성 점수는 특정 문법 항목에서만 유의미하게 향상되었다. 즉, 각 문법 항목의 난이도에 따라 문법 지도의 효과가 다른 것으로 나타났다. 4) 실험 집단은 실험 후 작문시험의 복잡성 점수에서 유의미한 향상 폭을 보이지 않았다. 5) 대체적으로 한국 대학생들은 수업 내 미니레슨과 일대일 맞춤식 온라인 문법학습 모두를 긍정적으로 인식하나, 이 중 수업 내 교사로부터의 미니레슨을 더 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 효과적인 작문 학습을 돕기 위하여 과정 중심 쓰기 수업에서의 문법 교수법(敎授法)을 고안하였고, 다양한 분석을 통하여 이 교수법이 학생들의 작문 실력 향상에 효과적이라는 사실을 입증하였다. 본 연구에서는 문법 지도가 한국 대학생 영어 학습자의 논설문 쓰기에 미치는 효과만을 검증하였으므로, 후속 연구에서는 다른 유형의 글쓰기에 있어서의 효과에 대한 분석이 요구된다. 또한 과정 중심 쓰기 수업에서의 문법 지도가 대학생 학습자뿐만 아니라 중·고등학생의 작문 교육에도 효과적으로 적용될 수 있는지의 검토가 필요하다.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsI. INTRODUCTION 1 A. Motivation and Significance of the Study 1 B. Research Questions 8 C. Definition of Terms 9 II. LITERATIRE REVIEW 11 A. Grammar Instruction in the Process-Oriented Composition Class 11 B. Perspectives on Grammar Instruction in the Composition Class 16 1. Research on Grammar Instruction in the Composition Class 16 2. Learners Beliefs About Grammar Instruction in the Composition Class 26 C. Principles for Grammar Teaching 31 1. Teaching Grammar Based on Understanding of Learner Language 32 2. Teaching Grammar Using Focus on Form Approach 36 3. Customizing Grammar Instruction to Meet Learner Needs 44 III. METHODOLOGY 46 A. Participants 46 B. Instruments 47 1. Diagnostic Grammar Test 48 2. In-Class Grammar Instruction Worksheets 51 3. Grammar Support Website 59 4. Pre-Treatment Essay 63 5. Post-Treatment Essay 64 6. Post-Treatment Questionnaire 64 C. Procedure 65 1. Learner Corpus Construction 66 2. Error Analysis 67 3. Treatment 77 D. Data Analysis 103 1. Analysis of Effects of Grammar Support on the Overall Writing Performance 104 2. Analysis of Effects of Grammar Support on Accuracy 105 3. Analysis of Effects of Grammar Support on Complexity 110 4. Analysis of EFL Learners Perception Toward Grammar Instruction in the Composition Class 118 IV. RESULTS 119 A. Effects of Grammar Support on the Overall Writing Performance 119 1. Results of Quantitative Analyses of Writing Performance 120 2. Results of Qualitative Analyses of Writing Performance 125 B. Effects of Grammar Support on Accuracy 152 1. Results of Quantitative Analyses of Accuracy 153 2. Accuracy Analyses of Student E23s Pre- and Post-Treatment Essays 158 C. Effects of Grammar Support on Complexity 163 D. EFL Learners Perception Toward Grammar Instruction in the Composition Class 167 1. Perception Toward Incorporation of Grammar Instruction into the Composition Class 168 2. Perception Toward Effectiveness of Customized Grammar Support 169 3. Perception Toward Importance of Grammaticality in Writing 170 4. Comments on Individualized Online Grammar Practice 172 5. Summary 174 V. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 175 A. Discussion of the Main Findings 175 B. Limitations and Suggestions for Further Research 186 C. Pedagogical Implications 189 REFERENCES 194 APPENDICES 221 A. Grammar Prescription 222 B. Post-Treatment Questionnaire 223 C. Common Errors in Korean EFL College Student Writing 225 D. Description of 10-Week Writing Instructions 240 E. TWE Scoring Guide 242 F. Jacobs et al.s (1981) Scoring Profile 244 국 문 초 록 246-
dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent9864959 bytes-
dc.languageeng-
dc.publisher이화여자대학교 대학원-
dc.subject.ddc300-
dc.titleEffects of Grammar Support in a Process-Oriented Composition Class on Korean EFL College Students’ Writing-
dc.typeDoctoral Thesis-
dc.title.translated과정 중심 쓰기 수업에서의 문법 지도가 한국 대학생의 영작문 실력 향상에 미치는 영향-
dc.creator.othernameSugene Kim-
dc.format.pagexvii, 248 p.-
dc.description.localremark박077-
dc.contributor.examiner최연희-
dc.contributor.examiner송민영-
dc.contributor.examiner이은주-
dc.contributor.examiner박시영-
dc.contributor.examiner신상근-
dc.identifier.thesisdegreeDoctor-
dc.identifier.major대학원 영어교육학과-
dc.date.awarded2016. 2-
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