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dc.contributor.advisor전길자-
dc.contributor.author이은희-
dc.creator이은희-
dc.date.accessioned2016-08-26T12:08:17Z-
dc.date.available2016-08-26T12:08:17Z-
dc.date.issued2005-
dc.identifier.otherOAK-000000011029-
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/handle/2015.oak/191336-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dcollection.ewha.ac.kr/jsp/common/DcLoOrgPer.jsp?sItemId=000000011029-
dc.description.abstractVelvet antler, traditionally used as a tonic and valuable drug in oriental medicine, has been thought to possess bone-strengthening activity, and has been used in treating bone fractures. Recent pharmacological studies indicate that deer antler had anti-bone resorptive activity which may use for treatment of bone disorders such as osteoporosis. However, the chemical and biological properties of velvet antlers on bone resortion have not yet been clarified. The objective of this study is to characterize structurally and synthesize the main components and their analogues of deer antler, and to investigate their biological activities, in particular, their anti-osteoporotic effect. The deer antler extracts including n-hexane-soluble extract (CE-H), chloroform-soluble extract (CE-C), 70% ethanol-soluble extract (CE-E) were prepared and their effects on osteoclast differentiation were compared. It is found that the chloroform extract (CE-C) was the more effective in inhibiting the formation of TRAP-positive multinuclear osteoclasts than either the hexane or the 70% ethanol extract. CE-C also inhibited the bone resorptive activity of differentiated osteoclasts. The bioassay-guided fractionation for chloroform extract of deer antler further demonstrated deer antler contains bioactive substances that inhibit osteoclast differentiation. In screening the effects of natural products from deer antler and their derivatives on the osteoclast differentiation, I found that a synthesized compound, (S)-NALPC, effectively reduced the formation of TRAP-positive multinuclear osteoclast in two culture systems, coculture and bone marrow macrophage (BMM) culture. (S)-NALPC suppressed the activation of ERK and I-κB by RANKL in osteoclast precursor cells. In cDNA microarray to identify genes response to (S)-NALPC during RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, 14 genes were constantly up- or down-regulated by (S)-NALPC treatment. These genes were included in receptors (Sema4D, Dck, and IL17r), transcription factor and modulators (Nfkb2 and Nmi), ubiquitin specific protease 18 (Usp18), vesicle-associated membrane protein (Vamp8), ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator (Ralgds), lectin, galactose binding, soluble 9 (Lgals9), and several unknown function genes (Tor3a, Kcna1, Slc13a3, Trim16, and 6330505F04Rik). These results indicate that (S)-NALPC is an effective inhibitor of osteoclast differentiation and the effects of (S)-NALPC on osteoclastogenesis are not on just one gene, but on a limited set of putative targets. Among these 14 genes, the N-Myc interactor (Nmi) gene was selected for further investigation of its effect on osteoclast differentiation induced by RANKL. The time course analysis of accumulation of mRNA for Nmi showed that the mRNA expression of Nmi was induced by RANKL at the early time points (0.5~10 h) during osteoclast differentiation. Overexpression of Nmi enhanced RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and decreased activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Targeted inhibition of Nmi by RNA interference markedly suppressed the RANKL induced formation of TRAP-positive multinuclear osteoclasts. Furthermore, overexpression of Nmi leads to activation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) gene promoter in RAW264.7 cells. These data suggest that Nmi may play an important role in RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis.;녹용은 예로부터 중요한 한약재 중의 하나로 널리 사용되어 왔으며 뼈를 튼튼하게 하며 골절을 치료할 수 있는 것으로 알려져 왔다. 현대적 약물학적 연구들은 녹용은 뼈 흡수를 억제하는 기능이 있음을 증명하였다. 그러나 녹용의 이와 같은 뼈 흡수 억제작용과 관련된 화학 및 생화학적 특징에 대한 연구는 아직 되어있지 않다. 본 연구의 목적은 녹용에서 뼈 흡수 억제작용이 있는 물질을 분리하고 이들의 유사물질을 합성하며 이 물질들의 뼈 흡수 억제작용에 대한 생리활성 메카니즘을 밝히는 것이다. 다 단계 용매추출법으로 녹용을 핵산 추출물, 클로로포름 추출물, 70% 알코올추출물로 나누어서 각 추출물이 파골세포분화 억제작용에 대하여 조사한 결과 녹용의 클로로포름 추출물이 제일 좋은 파골세포분화 억제효과를 나타내었다. 녹용 클로로포름 추출물은 또한 파골세포의 골 흡수 작용을 억제하는 효과도 나타내었다. 녹용 클로로포름 추출물에 대한 진일보로 되는 분리실험 결과로부터 녹용 클로로포름 추출물에는 파골세포 형성을 억제하는 물질이 함유되어 있음을 확인하였다. 녹용에서 추출된 물질 및 그 유도체들에 대한 활성실험에서 라이소포스파티딜콜린 (LysoPC) 유사 합성물질인 (S)-NALPC가 가장 좋은 파골세포형성 억제 효과를 나타내었다. (S)-NALPC는 RANKL에 의한 ERK 와 I-kB의 인산화를 억제하였다. RANKL에 의하여 유도되는 파골세포분화과정에 (S)-NALPC에 의하여 변화되는 유전자를 확인하기 위하여 cDNA microarray를 진행하였고, 그 결과 14개의 유전자가 (S)-NALPC에 의하여 뚜렷하게 증가하거나 감소된다는 것이 확인되었다. 14개의 유전자로는 수용체 기능을 가지고 있는 Sema4D, Dck 와 IL17r; 전사 인자로 알려져 있는 Nfkb2; 전사인자와 작용하는 것으로 알려져 있는 Nmi; ubiquitin specific protease 18 (Usp18); vesicle-associated membrane protein (Vamp8); ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator (Ralgds); lectin; galactose binding, soluble 9 (Lgals9) 등 과 몇 개의 기능이 밝혀져 있지 않은 유전자 (Tor3a, Kcna1, Slc13a3, Trim16, and 6330505F04Rik)이다. (S)-NALPC에 대한 이상의 연구결과들은 (S)-NALPC는 파골세포 분화를 억제하는 좋은 억제제이며 또한 cDNA microarray 결과는 (S)-NALPC의 파골세포분화 억제작용은 한정된 유전자 세트에 대한 작용결과 라는 것을 제시해준다. 위의 14개의 유전자중 N-Myc과 결합하는 것으로 알려져 있는 Nmi라는 유전자를 선택하여 RANKL에 의하여 유도되는 파골세포분화과정에 있어서의 작용에 대하여 연구하였다. Nmi는 파골세포분화과정에 있어서 분화초기 (0.5-10 시간)에 발현이 되었으며 Nmi의 과발현은 파골세포형성을 증가시켰다. 또한 Nmi siRNA 는 RANKL에 의하여 유도되는 p38 인산화를 방해하므로 써 파골세포형성을 억제 한다는 것을 확인하였다. 이밖에 Nmi를 과 발현시켰을 때 TRAP 유전자 promoter 활성을 증가시킨다는 것을 Luciferase assay를 통하여 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과들은 Nmi는 RANKL에 의하여 유도되는 파골세포형성에 있어서 매우 중요한 작용을 하고 있음을 제시해준다.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsContents Abstract = ⅰ Contents = ⅲ List of Figures and Tables = ⅶ Abbreviations = ⅸ PART Ⅰ INTRODUCTION = 1 1. Bone remodeling = 1 2. RANKL/OPG/RANK axis and osteoclastogenesis = 2 3. RANKL/RANK signaling in osteoclasts = 5 4. Deer antler biology and bone = 8 REFERENCES = 12 PART Ⅱ Molecular mechanisms of (S)-NALPC, analogue of lysophosphatidylcholine isolated from deer antlers in osteoclastogenesis = 23 1. BACKGROUND = 23 2. MATERIALS & METHODS = 26 2.1. Regents = 26 2.2. Deer antler = 26 2.3. Bioassay-guided fractionation of Cervus elaphus = 27 2.4. Structural analysis = 28 2.5. Cell culture and differentiation of osteoclasts = 28 2.6. Resorption pit assay = 29 2.7. Cytotoxicity assay = 30 2.8. Immunoblotting = 30 2.9. cDNA microarray = 30 2.10. Data analysis = 31 3. RESULTS = 33 3.1. Effect of deer antler substances on the osteoclast formation = 33 3.2. Structural identification of PEs = 40 3.3. Effect of the compounds isolated from deer antler and the analogues of lysophosphatidylcholine on the osteoclast formation in coculture. = 49 3.4. Effect of (S)-NALPC on the osteoclast formation in bone marrow macrophages = 49 3.5. The cytotoxicity of (S)-NALPC for mouse bone marrow macrophages = 55 3.6. Effect of (S)-NALPC on signal transduction induced by RANK = 55 3.7. Microarray analysis = 59 3.8. Identification of genes regulated by (S)-NALPC during osteoclastogenesis = 63 4. DISCUSSION = 71 REFERENCES = 75 PART Ⅲ RANKL-induced Nmi is essential for osteoclast differentiation = 83 1. BACKGROUND = 83 2. MATERIALS & METHODS = 85 2.1. Chemicals and Reagent = 85 2.2. Cell culture = 85 2.3. Microarray analysis = 86 2.4. Construct of small interfering RNA (siRNA) for Nmi = 87 2.5. Expression vector for Nmi = 87 2.6. DNA transfection = 87 2.7. In vitro osteoclastogenesis = 88 2.8. Luciferase assay = 88 2.9. Total RNA preparation and RT-PCR = 89 2.10. Immunoblotting = 89 3. RESULTS = 91 3.1. Induction of Nmi mRNA expression by RANKL during osteoclast differentiation = 91 3.2. Nmi expression inhibited by si-Nmi = 94 3.3. Overexpression Nmi augments RANKL-induced osteoclast formation = 94 3.4. Suppression of RANKL-induced osteoclast formation by siNmi = 98 3.5. Effect of si-Nmi on signal transduction induced by RANKL = 98 3.6. Overexpression of Nmi stimulates TRAP gene promoter = 99 4. DISCUSSION = 106 REFERENCES = 110 논문개요 = 115 Acknowledgement = 117 Appendix = 120-
dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent3433423 bytes-
dc.languageeng-
dc.publisher이화여자대학교 대학원-
dc.titleFunctional Analysis of Deer Antler Extracts and Their Analogues in Osteoclastogenesis-
dc.typeDoctoral Thesis-
dc.format.pageⅹ, 120 p.-
dc.identifier.thesisdegreeDoctor-
dc.identifier.major대학원 분자생명과학부-
dc.date.awarded2005. 8-
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