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dc.contributor.author김재경-
dc.creator김재경-
dc.date.accessioned2016-08-25T06:08:21Z-
dc.date.available2016-08-25T06:08:21Z-
dc.date.issued2007-
dc.identifier.otherOAK-000000028406-
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/handle/2015.oak/181523-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dcollection.ewha.ac.kr/jsp/common/DcLoOrgPer.jsp?sItemId=000000028406-
dc.description.abstractThis study aims to examine the impact of electronic and traditional peer response on the returnees' writing in various small groups. The students were divided according to their language proficiency - either higher or lower, and then evaluated in small groups using electronic mode feedback (e-mode) and traditional written mode feedback (t-mode). The answers to the following questions provide the pedagogical implications and insights for the researchers and teachers: 1) whether different language proficiencies, and different group formations in e-mode and t-mode result in differences in the feedback types (suggestion, clarification, evaluation, and alteration), feedback areas (mechanics, grammar, style, structure, and content), and actual revisions produced by returnees; 2) whether peer response impacts on writing improvement; 3) whether peer familiarity is related to peer response and actual revisions in two different modes; and 4) whether the participants of each mode change their perception toward the peer response and group formations. The participants were 24 returnees who attended two different elementary schools. Each student wrote six argumentative pieces. The first writing assignment was used as a diagnostic tool in order to determine the students' writing proficiency. The next four writings became the baseline material used for peer response study. The last writing assignment was used to measure the progress that each student had made. After they completed the four argumentative writing assignments, the students exchanged peer response in two different modes, electronic (blogs) and traditional mode (pen and paper). Then, they revised the first drafts and wrote their final versions based on their peer feedback. The written peer response sheets and blogs discourse were analyzed based on an adopted coding schemes of Yagelski's (1995), Chandler's (1997), and Han's (2005b). The participants' pre-treatment writing and post-treatment writing were analyzed to examine writing improvement through peer response by linguistic features, fluency, accuracy, and grammatical complexity. To study the relationships between peer familiarity, peer response and actual revisions, the number of peer response and the score of peer familiarity produced by the participants were analyzed by Social Network Analysis (SNA) software. It was found that there were no statistical differences between the two modes (e-mode and t-mode) and between the two levels (higher level and lower level) of students. However, the number of peer feedback of group work was strikingly higher than those of pair work in the type of feedback, the aspect of feedback, and actual revisions. As far as the type of feedback is concerned, suggestion appeared more in e-mode, clarification and evaluation appeared about the same for both modes, and alteration appeared more in t-mode. In addition, when it came to feedback about mechanics, grammar, structure, style, and content, feedback about content appeared more in e-mode while the feedback about grammar appeared more in traditional mode. This last result is explained because in traditional mode, directive and instructional feedback is given and in electronic mode, on the other hand, suggestive feedback is given according to the results of interaction due to the characteristics of blogs which serve as the media. In observation on the actual revisions, electronic mode showed more number of actual revisions than traditional mode even though there were no significant differences between the two modes. This can be explained by the conclusion that electronic mode, which uses the blogs, fosters a cooperative atmosphere in seeking other people's opinions and advice during the process of peer feedback which led to more corrections. As for the writing improvement, e-mode especially enhances fluency and helps to increase accuracy. The findings of the present study provide strong evidence that the relationship between peer familiarity and the groups with active or inactive peer response interaction was observed in both modes. Statistically, there were correlations in some categories of peer familiarity, revisions, and active peer response interaction. Particularly in the case of returnees like young learners, an affective factor acted as a more important factor according to the survey results. No conclusion could be made on which mode is generally more effective between e-mode and t-mode. As mentioned before, there were no significant differences between the two modes concerning the outcome of the statistical data. This is because even though there was more feedback when e-mode was used, the ratio of corrections being applied in writing was about the same for both modes. It can be concluded that since both modes have advantages, it is valid to apply each mode according to their strengths; for example, e-mode for content and grammar for t-mode. As shown in this research, e-mode provides a more cooperative atmosphere than an instructive one, which provides reviewers and writers more opportunity to freely exchange their opinions so e-mode should be used in the peer response activities. Moreover, e-mode can be proven to enhance fluency and increase accuracy. Based on the findings of the study, the present study suggests that e-mode peer response can be more effective ways to increase writing skills for returnee students.;세계화에 따른 잦은 문물교류로 인해 한국에서 태어났으나 영어권에서 살면서 교육받다가 귀국하는 귀국아들이 점점 증가하는 추세에 있다. 교육부에서 이러한 귀국아들의 국내적응과 이미 익혀온 영어능력 유지를 위해 귀국아반을 전국 초등학교와 중학교에서 운영하고 있으나 커리큘럼과 교육방법의 부재로 귀국아들의 언어능력 유지에는 한계가 있다. 기존의 연구(Yashiro, 1992)에 따르면 귀국아들과 그의 부모들은 영어 능력의 유지를 원하고 있으나 이에 대한 만족할만한 교육방법에 대한 연구는 거의 전무한 편이다. 이에 본 논문은 귀국아 쓰기 능력 유지의 한 방법으로 작문에 대한 전자모드(electronic mode)와 전통모드(traditional mode)의 동료수정(peer response)이 어떻게 다른지, 효과적인 영어작문 학습을 위해서 그 영향을 비교 규명하는 것에 그 목적을 두고 있다. 전통모드 동료수정은 일반 교실에서 작문을 하고 수정지에 동료수정을 기술하게 하였고 전자모드 동료수정은 전자인터넷의 블로그(blogs)를 이용하여 작문을 하고 동료수정을 하도록 설계하였다. 본 논문에서 탐구한 연구 문제는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 전자모드와 전통모드 동료수정이 피드백 유형(suggestion, clarification, evaluation, & alteration)과 피드백 분야(mechanics, grammar, style, structure, & content)와 실제 수정(actual revisions)에서 어떻게 다르게 나타나는가? 둘째, 전자모드와 전통모드 동료수정이 언어의 유창성(fluency)과 정확성(accuracy), 문법적 복합성(grammatical complexity)과 같은 언어 요소에서 어떻게 다르게 나타나는가? 셋째, 기존의 연구들(Ellis, 2003; Plough & Gass, 1993)에서 주장하는 동료 친밀도(interlocutor familiarity)가 언어학습에 영향을 미친다는 연구결과처럼, 동료 친밀도(peer familiarity)가 각 모드의 동료수정활동과 연관성이 있는가? 넷째, 각각 전자모드와 전통모드의 동료수정에 대해서 학습자의 태도와 견해의 변화 차이가 있는가? 하는 문제를 두 모드의 동료수정에서 비교하였다. 동료수정과 동료 간 친밀도가 연관이 있는지를 탐구하기 위해서는 사회적 네트워크 분석 기법(Social Network Analysis)을 활용하여 통계적 분석방법으로 접근하였고 아울러 질적 연구를 통해 연관성을 규명하였다. 동료수정 활동은 연구대상자를 언어 능력에 따라 상, 하로 나누고 2인 짝 활동과 4인 그룹 활동으로 시행하여 각 언어 능력 차이와 각 그룹의 역학 관계(group logistics)에서 전자모드와 전통모드의 동료수정을 연구하였다. 연구 대상은 서로 다른 두 학교에 재학 중인 초등학생으로 한국에서 태어났으나 영어사용권 국가에서 교육을 받고 귀국하여, 영어를 주요 의사소통언어로 사용하는 귀국아(returnees)들이었다. 연구대상자 선발은 귀국아 반이 있는 두 학교에 재학하고 있는 귀국아들을 대상으로 진단시험을 치르게 한 뒤 성적을 근거로 선발하였고 사전 시험을 통해 상, 하위 학습자 그룹으로 나누어 각각 실험반과 통제반으로 실험에 참여하게 하였다. 실험 과정으로는 사전 시험용 작문 1회, 4번의 작문 및 동료수정과 사후 시험용 작문 1회를 포함하는 총 6번의 작문 및 동료수정을 한 학기에 걸쳐 수행 하였다. 즉, 자신의 논지를 주장하는 작문(argumentative writing)을 쓴 후 동료수정을 하도록 하여 개별 학습자가 제공된 피드백에 따라 자신의 작문을 수정하도록 하는 절차를 따랐다. 이와 같은 실험을 통하여 본 논문에서 발견한 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 전자, 전통모드에서 동료수정 유형과 분야와 실제수정의 빈도수가 전자모드에서 높았으나 통계적으로 유의미한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 질적 연구에서는 전자모드와 전통모드의 동료수정이 차이를 보였고 피드백 그룹 간에는 2인보다 4인의 그룹이 더 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 즉 2명보다는 그룹 간의 역학성이 높은 4인 그룹 활동이 효과적이었다. 둘째, 유창성과 정확성과 문법적 복합성에 있어서는 정확성과 문법적 복합성은 모드 간 차이가 없었는데 단지 유창성에 있어서는 전자모드에서 통계상 유의미한 결과가 나타났다. 셋째, 전자, 전통모드에서 동료 간 친밀도가 동료수정에 있어서 유의미한 영향을 미침을 사회적 네트워크 분석 기법으로 제시하였고, 각 모드의 동료수정 인용 자료를 질적 연구로 비교 분석하였는데 이 결과도 친밀도와 동료수정의 연관성을 지지하는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 사전 질문지와 사후 질문지를 통해 분석된 학습지의 태도 및 견해 변화는 두 항목에서 유의미한 차이가 나타났다. 인터뷰 결과는 전자모드가 작문을 용이하게 쓰고 자신의 글을 블로그에 저장할 수 있어 학습자들이 선호하였으며 동료수정 상대방으로는 친밀한 친구를 선호함을 알 수 있었다. 이와 같은 결과를 바탕으로 학습자간 친밀도가 동료수정에 영향을 미치므로 동료수정 활동 시 친밀도를 고려하는 것이 효율적인 학습을 유도할 수 있음을 규명한 것은 새로운 발견이라고 할 수 있다. 또한, 귀국아의 국내 분포가 전국적으로 산재함에 따라 전자모드가 이들을 학습 커뮤니티로 묶을 수 있어 귀국아의 쓰기 능력 유지와 향상에 기여할 수 있다는 점도 새로운 제언이라고 할 수 있다. 마지막으로 피드백유형과 분야의 빈도수와 실제 수정 반영빈도수는 전자모드에서 높게 나타났으나 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 없었고 질적 연구에서는 각 모드의 특성들이 제시되었으므로 전자 및 전통 모드 각각의 장점을 살려 동료수정을 쓰기 학습에서 효과적으로 사용해야 한다는 점을 제안하였다. 아울러 전자모드 동료수정이 작문의 유창성(fluency)을 길러줄 수 있다는 점에서 전통모드 동료수정 보다 더 바람직하다는 결론을 제시하였다.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsⅠ. INTRODUCTION = 1 A. The Purpose of the Study = 1 B. Research Questions = 5 C. Organization of the Study = 7 Ⅱ. LITERATURE REVIEW = 9 A. Peer Response in L2 Writing = 9 1. Theoretical Justifications of Peer Response = 9 2. Peer Response to the Students' Writing = 12 3. Potential Benefits and Drawbacks of Peer Response = 14 4. Various Types of Students in Peer Response. = 18 1) Primary School Students in Peer Response = 18 2) Previous Research on Returnee Students = 19 B. CMC in L2 Writing = 23 1. CMC in Writing Classroom = 23 2. CMC as the First-generation Web = 27 3. CMC as the Second-generation Web = 33 1) Blog as a New Medium for CMC = 33 2) Blog as an Effective Tool in Written Interaction = 36 C. Group Dynamics in L2 Writing = 38 1. Group Logistics in Peer Response = 38 2. Peer Familiarity in Peer Response = 40 3. Social Network in Peer Interaction = 43 Ⅲ. METHODOLOGY = 45 A. Pilot Study = 45 B. Overall Research Design = 47 C. Participants = 49 D. Materials = 52 1. Pre-study Materials = 52 2. Tasks = 53 3. Questionnaire = 55 4. Interview = 56 E. Procedures = 57 1. Setting = 57 2. The Main Experiment = 58 F. Data Analysis = 60 1. The Holistic Scoring = 61 2. Inter-rater Reliability = 63 3. The Analysis of Peer Feedback = 65 4. The Analysis of Writing Improvement = 70 5. SNA for Analyzing Peer Familiarity = 72 6. Attitudinal Assessment = 73 7. Statistical Analysis = 74 Ⅳ. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION = 75 A. Effects of Peer Response on Feedback Type and Aspect = 75 1. The Type of Peer Feedback = 75 1) Descriptive Statistics of Modes = 75 2) Descriptive Statistics of Proficiency Levels = 76 3) Descriptive Statistics of Group Logistics = 78 4)The Relationship between Modes, Levels, and Group Logistics = 81 5) Qualitative Analysis of the Peer Feedback Types = 84 6) Summary of the Results = 88 2. The Aspect of Peer Feedback = 91 1) Descriptive Statistics of Modes = 91 2) Descriptive Statistics of Proficiency Levels = 92 3) Descriptive Statistics of Group Logistics = 94 4) The Relationship between Modes, Levels, and Group Logistics = 98 5) Qualitative Analysis of the Peer Feedback Aspects = 101 6) Summary of the Results = 106 3. Peer Feedback and Actual Revisions = 107 1) Descriptive Statistics of Modes = 107 2) Descriptive Statistics of Proficiency Levels = 107 3) Descriptive Statistics of Group Logistics = 109 4) The Relationship between Modes, Levels, and Group Logistics = 112 5) Qualitative Analysis of Actual Revisions = 113 6) Summary of the Results = 119 B. Effects of Peer Response on Language Performance = 121 1. Fluency = 121 1) Descriptive Statistics of Fluency = 121 2) The Interaction Effects between Modes and Levels = 125 2. Accuracy = 127 1) Descriptive Statistics of Accuracy = 127 2) The Interaction Effects between Modes and Levels = 130 3. Grammatical Complexity = 131 1) Descriptive Statistics of Grammatical Complexity = 131 2) The Interaction Effects between Modes and Levels = 133 4. Summary of the Statistical Results for Fluency, Accuracy, and Grammatical Complexity = 135 C. Relationships between Peer Familarity and Peer Response = 137 1. Descriptive Statistics of Peer Familiarity and Peer Response = 138 2. The Relationship between Peer Familiarity, Peer Response, and Actual Revisions by Modes = 141 3. The SNA Groups and Data on Peer Familiarity by Modes = 142 1) The SNA Groups and Data on Peer Familarity by E-mode Group = 147 2) The SNA Groups and Data on Peer Familarity by T-mode Groups = 154 4. Summary of the Results = 162 D. Students' Attitudes towards Peer Response = 163 1. Overall Effects of Peer Response = 163 2. Effects of Peer Response by Modes and Proficiency Levels = 167 1) Effects of Modes = 167 2) Effects of Proficiency Levels = 169 3. Students' Perspectives toward Peer Response = 173 4. Summary of the Results = 180 Ⅴ. CONCLUSION = 183 A. Main Findings of the Study = 183 B. Limitations of the Study = 191 C. Implications = 193 1. Theoretical Implications = 193 2. Pedagogical Implications = 195 REFERENCES = 199 APPENDICES = 219 APPENDX A Consent Form for Research Study = 219 APPENDIX B1 Principal Consent Form for Research Study (Daedeok) = 220 APPENDIX B2 Principal Consent Form for Research Study (Jeonmin) = 221 APPENDIX C Parent Consent Form for Research Study = 222 APPENDIX D General Information Questionnaire = 223 APPENDIX E Attitudinal Assessment Questionnaire = 225 APPENDIX F Computer Questionnaire = 226 APPENDIX G. Writing Task = 228 APPENDIX H. Writing Posted on Blogs before Peer Response (1) = 230 APPENDIX I. Writing Posted on Blogs after Peer Response (1) = 231 APPENDIX J. Writing Posted on Blogs before Peer Response (2) = 232 APPENDIX K. Writing Posted on Blogs after Peer Response (2) = 233 APPENDIX L. Writing before Peer Response in Traditional Mode (1) = 234 APPENDIX M. Writing after Peer Response in Traditional Mode (1) = 235 APPENDIX N. A Snapshot of Peer Response in Electronic Mode (1) = 236 APPENDIX O. A Snapshot of Peer Response in Electronic Mode (2) = 237 APPENDIX P. A Snapshot of Peer Response in Electronic Mode (3) = 238 APPENDIX Q. A Snapshot of Peer Response in Electronic Mode (4) = 239 APPENDIX R. A Response Script in Traditional Mode (1) = 240 APPENDIX S. A Response Script in Traditional Mode (2) = 241 APPENDIX T. A Response Script in Traditional Mode (3) = 242 APPENDIX U. A Response Script in Traditional Mode (4) = 243 APPENDIX V. Descriptive Statistics of Mechanics, Grammar, Style, Structure, and Content (Original Data) = 244 국문초록 = 247-
dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent8659741 bytes-
dc.languageeng-
dc.publisher이화여자대학교 대학원-
dc.subject.ddc420-
dc.titleEffects of Electronic and Traditional Modes on Returnees' Peer Response to Argumentative Writing-
dc.typeDoctoral Thesis-
dc.title.translated전자모드와 전통모드 동료수정이 귀국아의 영어 작문에 미치는 영향-
dc.creator.othernameKim, Jae-Kyung-
dc.format.pagexxiv, 249 p.-
dc.identifier.thesisdegreeDoctor-
dc.identifier.major대학원 영어교육학과-
dc.date.awarded2007. 8-
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