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dc.contributor.advisor조동호*
dc.contributor.author한소라*
dc.creator한소라*
dc.date.accessioned2026-09-02T16:31:27Z-
dc.date.available2026-09-02T16:31:27Z-
dc.date.issued2026*
dc.identifier.otherOAK-000000262618*
dc.identifier.urihttps://dcollection.ewha.ac.kr/common/orgView/000000262618en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/handle/2015.oak/276077-
dc.description.abstractWhile there is little dispute that North Korea’s cyber campaigns serve a strategic purpose, existing scholarship offers limited explanations of how the Kim Jong Un regime employs cyber capabilities to advance broader regime objectives. This study addresses this gap by reconceptualizing North Korea’s cyber activities as a form of cyber power and examining how they function as a strategic extension of authoritarian governance using theoretical and empirical evidence. Whereas prior research has largely focused on North Korea’s cyber operations as tactical cyberattacks and their short-term operational effects, this study approaches them as an institutionalized political resource. Cyber power is defined here as the regime’s ability to mobilize, deploy, and strategically allocate human, technological, and organizational resources associated with cyberspace to achieve both external and internal political objectives. To analyze how cyber power operates within authoritarian governance, the study integrates Gerschewski’s (2013) “Three Pillars of Autocratic Stability”—repression, co-optation, and legitimation—with Nye’s (2011) “Three Faces of Power”—commanding change, agenda-setting, and preference-shaping power. This theoretical argument is supported by empirical evidence using official documentation, expert interviews, and North Korean defector testimonials, triangulated to validate empirical claims. Using process tracing, the analysis shows that North Korea’s cyber power increasingly operates as an institutionalized political resource within the state apparatus: cyber infrastructure strengthens digitized repression through expanded surveillance and information control, cyber institutional architecture reinforces co-optation by creating controlled opportunities for technical elites, and cyber operations are used to construct narratives of technological competence that can support regime legitimation.;기존 연구는 김정은 시대 북한의 사이버 역량을 주로 공격 수행 능력 중심의 단기적 이익(tactical modalities of power) 측면에서 설명해 왔다. 물론 북한의 사이버 역량이 단기적·전술적 차원에서뿐만 아니라 장기적·전략적 차원에서도 활용되고 있다는 지적도 있었으나, 그 구체적인 내용과 방식에 대한 분석은 극히 제한적이었다. 본 연구는 이러한 연구 공백을 메우기 위해 북한의 사이버 활동을 정권의 장기적 효용(strategic modality of regime utility) 관점에서 ‘사이버 파워’로 개념을 확대하여 재검토한다. 여기서 ‘사이버 파워’란 단순한 사이버 작전 수행 능력이 아니라, 사이버 관련 인적 자원, 기술 자원, 핵심 인프라의 동원과 통제를 포괄하는 정권의 권력 형태로 이해된다. 이를 바탕으로 본 연구는 사이버 파워가 북한의 권위주의 통치 구조 속에서 어떠한 전략적 기능을 수행하며, 이를 통해 정권 안정성을 어떠한 방식으로 강화하는지를 조명하는 데 목적을 둔다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 권위주의 정권의 권력 유지 요인을 ‘억압(repression)’, ‘공동선출(co-optation)’, ‘정당화(legitimation)’로 설명하는 Gerschewski(2013)의 “권위주의 체제 안정의 세 축(Three Pillars of Autocratic Stability)”과 권력의 작동 방식을 ‘강제적 권력(commanding change power)’, ‘의제 설정 권력(agenda-setting power)’, ‘선호 형성 권력(preference-shaping power)’으로 개념화한 Nye(2011)의 “권력의 세 측면(Three Faces of Power)”을 접목한 분석 틀을 개발·적용한다. 또한 공식 문서, 전문가 인터뷰, 북한이탈주민 증언 등 실증적 자료를 활용하여 이론적 주장을 뒷받침한다. 과정 추적 방법을 통해 분석한 결과, 북한의 사이버 파워는 단순한 외부 공격 수단을 넘어 정권 통치 구조에 내재된 제도적 권력 자원으로 작동하며 권위주의 체제 안정에 기여하는 것으로 확인되었다. 북한은 사이버 인프라를 기반으로 감시와 정보 통제 능력을 확대함으로써 억압 기능을 강화하고 있다. 또한 사이버 관련 제도와 조직 체계를 통해 제한된 기회를 제공함으로써 기술 인력의 정권 의존성을 높이고 공동선출 메커니즘을 공고화한다. 이와 더불어 북한의 사이버 활동은 대내외적으로 정권의 기술적 역량을 강조하는 담론으로 활용되며 정권 정당성 형성에도 일정한 역할을 담당한다.*
dc.description.tableofcontentsChapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Research Questions and Hypotheses 5 1.2 Literature Review 8 1.2.1 Literature on Authoritarian Governance and Regime Stability 8 1.2.2 Literature on North Korea's Cyber Operations 10 1.2.3 Literature on Digital Authoritarianism 16 1.2.4 Underexplored Areas: Theoretical Frameworks and Intrinsic Perspective 19 1.3 Research Design and Methodology 20 1.3.1 Research Method 21 1.3.2 Scope 27 1.4 Chapter Outline 28 Chapter 2: Conceptual Framework 31 2.1 Key Concepts 31 2.1.1 Digital Authoritarianism 31 2.1.2 Cyber Power 36 2.2 Analytical Framework 38 2.2.1 Gerschewski's (2013) Three Pillars of Autocratic Stability 39 2.2.2 Nye's (2011) Three Faces of Power 48 2.2.3 Dual-Layered Framework as Applied to the Cyber Domain: Tactical Modalities of Power and Strategic Modality of Regime Utility 50 2.3 Levels of Analysis: Tactical, Operational, and Strategic 52 2.4 Cyber Terminology Defined 54 Chapter 3: Uses of Cyber Power in Authoritarian Regimes: Case Studies 59 3.1 China's Cyber Power and Authoritarian Governance 59 3.1.1 Inward-Looking Strategy: State Surveillance 62 3.1.2 Outward-Facing Strategy: Export of Cyber Governance Norms 65 3.2 Russia's Cyber Power and Information Control 67 3.2.1 Inward-Looking Strategy: Information Manipulation 70 3.2.2 Outward-Facing Strategy: Disinformation Campaigns 72 3.3 Iran's Cyber Power and Regime Security 75 3.3.1 Inward-Looking Strategy: Cyber-Enabled Suppression of Dissent 78 3.3.2 Outward-Facing Strategy: Cyber Operations for Retaliation and Deterrence 80 3.4 Implications for the North Korean Case 82 Chapter 4: North Korea's Cyber Architecture and Operational Posture 89 4.1 History of North Korea's Cyber Development 89 4.1.1 Establishment of Basic Infrastructure (1960s to early 1980s) 90 4.1.2 Cultivation of Indigenous Capabilities (late 1980s to 1990s) 92 4.1.3 Construction of Technical and Ideological Architecture (2000s to 2010s) 95 4.1.4 Emergence of Digital Authoritarian Governance under Kim Jong Un 99 4.2 North Korea's Cyber Actors and ICT Infrastructure 104 4.2.1 Cyber Actors and Organizational Structure 105 4.2.2 ICT Infrastructure: Intranet and Internet 118 4.3 North Korea's Cyberspace Operations: Operational Posture and Enabling Conditions 127 4.3.1 "Sealing" Logic (Cyberspace Defense) 131 4.3.2 "Breaching" Logic (Cyberspace Attack and Exploitation) 135 Chapter 5: Tactical Modalities of North Korea's Cyber Power and Strategic Modality of Regime Utility under Kim Jong Un 141 5.1 Tactical Modalities of Cyber Power 141 5.1.1 Cyber Espionage 142 5.1.2 Cyber Sabotage 149 5.1.3 Financial Heist 155 5.1.4 Technology Theft 164 5.1.5 Cyber Influence Operations 170 5.2 Strategic Modality of Regime Utility: Regime Stability 177 5.2.1 Cyber as Repression (Commanding Change Dominant) 178 5.2.1.1 Inward-Looking Mechanisms of Repression 178 5.2.1.2 Outward-Facing Mechanisms of Repression 186 5.2.2 Cyber as Co-optation (Commanding Change + Agenda-Setting Dominant) 190 5.2.2.1 Inward-Looking Mechanisms of Co-optation 191 5.2.2.2 Outward-Facing Mechanisms of Co-optation 203 5.2.3 Cyber as Legitimation (Agenda-Setting + Preference-Shaping Dominant) 206 5.2.3.1 Inward-Looking Mechanisms of Legitimation 206 5.2.3.2 Outward-Facing Mechanisms of Legitimation 212 Chapter 6: Summary and Conclusion 219 6.1 Main Findings 219 6.2 Evaluation of Hypotheses 238 6.3 Theoretical Contributions 241 6.4 Policy Implications 243 Bibliography 246*
dc.formatapplication/pdf*
dc.format.extent3398135 bytes*
dc.languageeng*
dc.publisher이화여자대학교 대학원*
dc.subjectcyber power, North Korea, autocratic regime stability, repression, co-optation, legitimation*
dc.subject.ddc900*
dc.titlePower Consolidation and Power Projection*
dc.typeDoctoral Thesis*
dc.title.subtitleHow the Kim Jong Un Regime Uses Cyber Power to Reinforce Autocratic Rule*
dc.format.pagevii, 283 p.*
dc.identifier.thesisdegreeDoctor*
dc.identifier.major대학원 북한학과*
dc.date.awarded2026. 8*
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