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dc.contributor.advisor조상미-
dc.contributor.authorGetar Hati-
dc.creatorGetar Hati-
dc.date.accessioned2023-08-23T16:31:30Z-
dc.date.available2023-08-23T16:31:30Z-
dc.date.issued2023-
dc.identifier.otherOAK-000000205317-
dc.identifier.urihttps://dcollection.ewha.ac.kr/common/orgView/000000205317en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/handle/2015.oak/265739-
dc.description.abstractThis dissertation discusses how workplace diversity impacts organizational outcomes in the context of Indonesia. Although diversity is perceived as a common issue in a heterogeneous society, many studies highlight the challenges of workplace diversity management. In addition, diversity in the cross-cultural workplace may create both advantages and disadvantages in the work environment. Thus, respecting people’s rights and values for perceiving inclusion, fairness, and trust should be recognized. With regards to this matter, this study aims to: (1) identify the workplace diversity characteristics in Indonesia; (2) examine the workplace diversity impact on employee perceptions and work attitudes; and (3) examine the mediation effects of employee perceptions on the relationship between diversity characteristics and work attitudes. This study focused on quantitative methods, and data was collected from 419 employees of a leading state-owned enterprise that operates across Indonesia. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with AMOS was conducted to examine the relationship between variables. This study defined diversity characteristics in Indonesian workforce based on social-category diversity, including primary-level diversity characteristics (gender, age, and ethnicity) and secondary-level diversity characteristics (religion, marital status, education, and work status) as characteristics of the Indonesian workforce. Some informational diversity variables, including job position, organizational tenure, salary, and work location, were also tested to minimize the bias of the result. The findings indicated that several diversity characteristics affected employee perceptions and attitudes. Religion, gender, education, and work status became the prominent characteristics to influence organizational outcomes. On the contrary, ethnicity was identified as not significantly affecting any perceptions or attitudes. This study highlighted the perception of inclusion as having a strong impact on fairness, trust, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Perceiving fairness was also essential to enhancing work attitudes. Despite not being as influential as inclusion and fairness, interpersonal trust also contributed to creating job satisfaction. Generally, the study found that male, married employees, those who belong to dominant religion, had a higher educational level, and those with permanent status perceived themselves as more advantageous in the workplace. The unique finding showed that female and younger employees who belong to non-dominant religions and had a lower educational level (under a bachelor’s degree) were more likely to perceive procedural and distributive justice. Yet, the presence of job position abolished the significance of the effects of diversity characteristics on job satisfaction. The study also discussed the power of job satisfaction to develop organizational commitment within the framework of work attitudes. Not only the direct relationship, but also the mediation effects were tested by positioning employee perceptions as the mediators between diversity characteristics and work attitudes. In sum, the study has implications for future research and the application of organizational management and policy in order to attain a supportive work environment.;본 연구는 인도네시아에서 직장 내 다양성이 조직 성과에 미치는 영향에 대하여 논의하였다. 다양성은 이질적인 사회에서 흔한 문제로 인식되어 있음에 불구하고 많은 연구들에서 직장 내 다양성 관리에 대한 과제를 주목하고 있다. 또한, 다문화적인 직장 안에서는 다양성이 근무 환경에서 유리할 수도 있고 불리할 수도 있다. 따라서 포용성, 공정성, 신뢰를 인식하기 위한 사람들의 권리와 가치를 존중해야 한다. 이러한 점에서 출발하여 본 연구는 (1) 인도네시아에서 직장 내 다양성의 특성을 파악하고, (2) 직장 내 다양성이 직원의 인식과 업무태도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 실펴보고, (3) 다양성 특성과 업무태도 간의 관계에 대한 직원 인식의 매개효과를 검증하는 데에 목적이 있다. 본 연구는 양적 연구이며 인도네시아 전역에서 운영되는 주요 국영 기업의 직원 419명을 대상으로 하여 자료를 수집하였다. 변수 간의 관계를 분석하기 위해서는 AMOS를 사용한 구조 방정식 모델링(Structural Equation Modelling: SEM)을 사용하였다. 본 연구에서는 일차적 수준의 다양성 특성(성별, 연령, 종족)과 이차적 수준의 다양성 특성(종교, 혼인 여부, 학력, 정규직비정규직)이 포함된 사회 범주적 다양성(social-category diversity)을 기반으로 인도네시아 노동력의 다양성을 한정하였다. 또한, 결과의 편향을 최소화하기 위해 직위, 조직 재직 기간, 급여, 부서 등과 같은 정보적 다양성(informational diversity)는 통제 변수로 설정하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 일부의 다양성 특성이 직원의 인식과 업무태도에 영향을 미친 것으로 나타났다. 종교, 성별, 학력, 정규직비정규직은 조직 성과에 영향을 미치는 주요 요인으로 확인되었으며, 종족은 직원의 인식과 업무태도에 유의미한 영향을 미치지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 포용성 인식이 공정성, 신뢰, 직무, 조직몰입에 큰 영향을 미치고 있다는 결과가 주목할만하다. 공정성 인식도 업무 태도를 향상시키는 데 필수적인 것으로 보인다. 대인 간의 신뢰는 포용성과 공정성만큼 큰 영향을 미치지 않지만 직무 만족도을 높이는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과를 통합하여 보면, 일반적으로 남성, 기혼자, 다수의 종교를 믿는 자, 학력이 높은 자, 정규직원이 직장에서 더 유리하다고 인식하는 것으로 조사되었다. 반면에 여성, 젊은 직원, 소수의 종교를 믿는 자, 학력이 낮은 자(학사 학위 이하)가 절차 및 분배공정성에 대하여 더 유리하다고 인식하다는 재밌는 결과를 밝혔다. 그러나 직위는 직무 만족도에 유의미한 영향을 준 것으로 나타난 다양성 특성들을 그렇지 않게 만들었다. 본 연구 또한 업무 태도의 결과로서 조직몰입을 예측하기 위한 직무 만족도의 힘에 대해서도 논의하였다. 직접적인 관계뿐만 아니라 직원의 인식을 다양성 특성과 업무태도 사이의 매개변수로 설정하여 그 매개효과를 검증하였다. 결론적으로, 본 연구 결과는 효율적 근무 환경을 이루기 위한 조직 관리 및 정책에 대한 향후 연구와 적용할 수 있다는 점에서 시사점이 있다.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsI. Introduction 1 A. Research Purposes 4 B. Rationale 4 C. Applicability to Social Welfare Studies and Practice Settings 5 D. Formation of Dissertation 6 II. Literature Review 7 A. Workplace Diversity 7 1. Understanding the Workplace Diversity 7 2. Organizational Culture in Shaping the Workplace Diversity 11 B. The Diversity Status of Indonesian Workforce 12 1. The Policies and Legislations Related to Workplace Diversity in Organization and Employment in Indonesia 14 2. Defining Diversity: Social-Category Characteristics in Indonesian Workforce 17 a. Social-Category: Primary-level Diversity Characteristics 18 b. Social-Category: Secondary-level Diversity Characteristics 21 c. Informational Diversity Characteristics 23 C. The Effects of Workplace Diversity 26 1. The Effects of Workplace Diversity Characteristics on Employee Perceptions 26 a. The Effects of Workplace Diversity Characteristics on Inclusion 27 b. The Effects of Workplace Diversity Characteristics on Fairness 30 c. The Effects of Workplace Diversity Characteristics on Trust 33 2. The Effects of Workplace Diversity Characteristics on Work Attitudes (Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment) 35 3. The Correlation among Employee Perceptions (Inclusion, Fairness, and Trust) 36 4. The Impacts of Employee Perceptions on Work Attitudes (Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment) 37 a. The Impacts of Inclusion on Work Attitudes (Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment) 38 b. The Impacts of Fairness on Work Attitudes (Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment) 39 c. The Impacts of Trust on Work Attitudes (Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment) 40 5. The Role of Job Satisfaction on Organizational Commitment 41 6. Employee Perceptions as Mediators on Diversity Characteristics and Work Attitudes 42 III. Methods 45 A. Research Overview 45 B. Conceptual Model 45 C. Hypotheses 47 D. Organizational Setting: State-Owned Enterprise in Indonesia 50 E. Sampling Method 53 F. Research Design 54 G. Data Collection Procedure 54 H. Sample 56 I. Measurement 58 1. Diversity Characteristic Variables 58 2. Employee Perception Variables 59 3. Work Attitude Variables 61 J. Validity and Reliability Techniques 62 K. Data Analysis 63 1. Measurement Model Testing 63 2. Structural Equation Modelling 64 3. Testing Control Variables 65 4. Testing Mediation Effect 66 5. Fit Indices 67 IV. Result 69 A. First Stage: Diversity Characteristics and Employee Perception of Inclusion, Fairness, and Trust 69 B. Second Stage: Job Satisfaction 73 C. Third Stage: Organizational Commitment 74 1. Path Correlation of Diversity Characteristics, Employee Perceptions, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment 74 2. Control of Job Position, Organizational Tenure, Salary, and Work Location on the Final Path 76 3. Mediation Effects of Employee Perceptions between Diversity Characteristics, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment 81 D. Summary of the Result 83 V. Discussion 97 A. Major Findings 97 B. The Organizational Culture in Indonesian Organization 98 C. The Impacts of Workplace Diversity in Indonesian Organization 100 1. Main Effects of Diversity Characteristics on Employee Perceptions and Work Attitudes 100 a. The Effects of Religion on Employee Perceptions and Work Attitudes 101 b. The Effects of Gender on Employee Perceptions and Work Attitudes 103 c. The Effects of Educational Level on Employee Perceptions and Work Attitudes 105 d. The Effects of Work Status on Employee Perceptions and Work Attitudes 106 e. The Effects of Marital Status on Employee Perception and Work Attitudes. 107 f. The Effects of Age on Employee Perception 108 g. No Effect of Ethnicity 108 h. Job Position Eliminates the Significance of Diversity Characteristics on Job Satisfaction 110 i. The Importance of Salary and Work Location on Employee Perceptions 111 j. No Effect of Organizational Tenure 112 3. The Impacts of Inclusion on Fairness, Trust, and Work Attitudes 112 4. The Impacts of Fairness on Work Attitudes 113 5. The Impacts of Trust on Work Attitudes 114 6. Work Attitudes as the Outcomes in Workplace Diversity 114 7. Mediation Effects of Employee Perceptions on Diversity Characteristics and Work Attitudes 116 D. Strengths and Limitation of the Study 117 1. Strengths 117 2. Limitations 119 E. Implication for Future Research and Organization 120 1. Implication for Future Research 120 2. Implication for Organization Management and Policy 123 F. Conclusion 127 References 129 Appendix 148 Appendix 1. Testing Measurement Model 148 Appendix 2. Flyer for Study Subject Recruitment 158 Appendix 3. Survey Questionnaire 159 Abstract (in Korean) 167-
dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent2212291 bytes-
dc.languageeng-
dc.publisher이화여자대학교 대학원-
dc.subject.ddc300-
dc.titleThe Impacts of Workplace Diversity on Work Attitudes in Indonesia-
dc.typeDoctoral Thesis-
dc.title.translated인도네시아에서의 다양성이 업무 태도에 미치는 영향-
dc.format.pagexiv, 168 p.-
dc.identifier.thesisdegreeDoctor-
dc.identifier.major대학원 사회복지학과-
dc.date.awarded2023. 8-
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