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dc.contributor.advisor한평림-
dc.contributor.author이정은-
dc.creator이정은-
dc.date.accessioned2019-05-07T16:30:09Z-
dc.date.available2019-05-07T16:30:09Z-
dc.date.issued2018-
dc.identifier.otherOAK-000000148428-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dcollection.ewha.ac.kr/common/orgView/000000148428en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/handle/2015.oak/249810-
dc.description.abstractStress is a major risk factor of depression. Stressors activate the hypothalamin-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, resulting in a surge of glucocorticoid release into blood. When neurons are repeatedly exposed to excessive glucocorticoids, they undergo adaptive changes at the genomic level over the normal homeostatic range, and these changes appear to cause depressive behaviors. However, the detailed mechanisms of how stress initiates adaptive changes and how those changes are maintained for a long time are not clearly understood. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism of how chronic stress produces adaptive changes leading to long-lasting depressive behaviors in a well-established stress-induced depression model. Mice treated with restraint for 2 h daily for 14 days (2h x 14d RST or CRST for short) exhibited depression-like behaviors in the sociability test, tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST). Real-time PCR and immunohistological analyses indicated that mice subjected to the 2h x 14d RST had decreased expression of the epigenetic factors, HDAC2 and SUV39H1, in the hippocampus. The suppression of HDAC2 or SUV39H1 in the hippocampus of normal mice by stereotaxic injection of respective siRNA produced depression-like behaviors in the sociability test, TST and FST. These results suggest that HDAC2 and SUV39H1 are critical components of the epigenetic system in regulating stress-induced depressive behaviors. Next it was examined whether decreased expression of HDAC2 and/or SUV39H1 was induced directly by the stress hormone glucocorticoid. Glucocorticoid (corticosterone) treatment in the mouse hippocampal cell line, HT22 cells, decreased HDAC2 and SUV39H1 levels. Glucocorticoid-induced decrease expression of HDAC2 and SUV39H1 in HT22 cells could occur in the absence of glucocorticoid-induced ROS production, as indicated by the fact that antioxidants did not block this effect. More interestingly, the phenolic compound, rosmarinic acid, reversed glucocorticoid-induced decreased expression of HDAC2 and SUV39H1 in HT22 cells, being independently from its antioxitant property. Consistent with the decreased expression of HDAC2 and SUV39H1, the levels of acetylation and methylation at H3K9 of histone proteins were increased and decreased, respectively, in the hippocampus of stressed mice, whereas their levels were reversed by rosmarinic acid treatment. The promoter regions of the Hdac2 and Suv39h1 genes contained the binding sites for CREB and PPARγ, respectively. Glucocorticoid treatment in HT22 cells decreased the expression level of PPARγ although it tended to increase CREB. Rosmarinic acid treatment in HT22 cells increased p-CREB and PPARγ, and also the levels of p-CREB binding to the promoter region of the Hdac2 gene, and PPARγ binding to the promoter region of the Suv39h1 gene. Similar to those in HT22 cells, mice subjected to the 2h x 14d RST had decreased expression of PPARγ, but not CREB, in the hippocampus, whereas rosmarinic acid treatment increased p-CREB and PPARγ levels in the hippocampus. Stereotaxic injection of CREB-siRNA or PPARγ-siRNA in the hippocampus of normal mice produced depression-like behaviors in the sociability test, TST and FST, suggesting the importance of pCREB and PPARγ levels in depression-related behaviors. Mice subjected to the 2h x 14d RST had increased expression of Mkp-1 in the hippocampus. Glucocorticoid treatment in HT22 cells was sufficient to increase Mkp-1 expression. Rosmarinic acid antagonized stress-induced change of Mkp-1 expression and ROS accumulation in the hippocampus. Mkp-1 expression was regulated in a glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-dependent mechanism, and rosmarinic acid diminished GR binding to the Mkp-1 promoter. Increased expression of Mkp-1 led to decrease of p-ERK, p-p38 MAPK, and p-JNK levels in HT22 cells. Similar to those in HT22 cells, phospho-MAPK levels were reduced in the hippocampus of mice treated with the 2h x 14d RST. Reduced expression of MAPKs caused to decrease of pCREB, and PPARγ levels in HT22 cells. Rosmarinic acid opposed glucocorticoid effects on the expression of Mkp-1, p-CREB and PPARγ. Thus, stress-induced Mkp-1 upregulation was tightly linked to decreased expression of MAPKs, and pCREB, and PPARγ, thus forming a set of signaling modules, which in turn regulated the expression of the epigenetic factors, HDAC2 and SUV39H1. Mkp-1 functioned, as a top modulator of this pathway and also was regulated by epigenetic factors of HDAC2 and SUV39H1, forming a circulating feedback loop. Overall, the results of the present study suggest that chronic stress promotes depression-like behaviors through the reduction of HDAC2 and SUV39H1 levels in the hippocampus, and stress-induced reduction of HDAC2 and SUV39H1 de-represses Mkp-1 expression, which in turn promotes increase of Mkp-1, thus strengthening the stress-induced Mkp-1 pathway in a vicious cycle. In addition, it was demonstrated that rosmarinic acid antagonized stress effects on Mkp-1 expression, epigenetic changes of Mkp-1 expression and depressive behaviors, and thereby affording a therapeutic potential for treatment of stress and depression. ;스트레스는 우울증의 주요 위험인자이다. 스트레스는 HPA axis의 활성화를 통해 체내에 스트레스 호르몬을 방출시킨다. 정상적인 상황에서 스트레스 호르몬은 항상성 유지에 중요한 역할을 하지만, 스트레스 호르몬에 과도하게 노출되면 몸의 다양한 기관에서 항상성에 문제가 발생한다. 특히 해마는 스트레스 호르몬 또는 활성 산소의 영향에 민감하여 스트레스에 의한 손상을 받기 쉽다. 인지기능 및 정서조절에서의 해마의 중요성때문에 과도한 스트레스로 인해 시냅스 및 신경활성 조절에 손상이 생긴 해마는 우울증과 같은 정서장애를 야기할 수 있다. 그러나, 항상성 범위에서 조절되던 스트레스 반응이 어떻게 과도하게 변화되어 우울증을 유발하고, 그것이 어떻게 장기적으로 유지되는지의 분자생물학적 기전은 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 이에 본 연구는 스트레스 처치로 유도되는 우울증 동물 모델을 이용해서 스트레스 반응 및 우울증 조절의 중심지역인 해마에서 스트레스를 매개하는 분자적 기전을 조사하고, 이러한 기전이 어떻게 장기간 지속되는 행동 변화를 야기하는지 알아보고자 하였다. 만성 스트레스에 의해 제작된 우울증 마우스는 스트레스 종료 이후까지 우울 행동을 장기적으로 유지한다. 스트레스 종료 이후 스트레스 호르몬은 감소하기 때문에 장기적인 우울 행동 유지 기전에 후성 유전학적 변이가 관여할 것이라고 가설을 설정하였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 스트레스 호르몬에 의해 직접적으로 조절되는 Mkp-1 유전자로 인해 유도되는 신호 전달 과정을 확인하였다. MAPK, pCREB, PPARγ 로 연결되어 긴밀하게 조절되는 Mkp-1 신호전달과정은 후성유전학적 인자인 HDAC2과 SUV39H1을 조절하여 해마 조직 내부의 히스톤 단백질의 아세틸화, 메틸화 정도를 조절한다. 이 신호전달과정의 최상위 조절자인 Mkp-1은 외부 스트레스와 분자적 수준에서 이루어지는 하위 기전을 연결해주는 역할을 하며, 또한 HDAC2와 SUV39H1에 의해 후성유전학적 조절을 받는 것으로 확인되었다. Mkp-1에 의해 시작된 신호전달과정의 표적 유전자로서 스트레스에 의해 발현이 감소하는 Hdac2과 Suv39h1가 Mkp-1의 억제자 역할을 하여 순환고리를 형성한다. 즉, 스트레스에 의해 Hdac2와 Suv39h1의 Mkp-1에 대한 억제가 약화되어 스트레스 호르몬 의존적으로 증가된 Mkp-1의 발현이 지속적인 증가를 유지시킴으로써 Mkp-1 신호전달을 강화시킨 것으로 보인다. 이러한 일련의 과정은 쥐 해마 세포주 배양 실험에서 기전 연구를 통해 긴밀한 연결성을 확인하였다. 또한 스트레스 처치를 받지 않은 정상 쥐의 해마 CA3 지역에 특이적으로 신호전달과정에 속하는 인자들의 발현을 유전적으로 조작함으로써 우울 행동이 변화됨을 확인하였다. 스트레스 호르몬 의존적으로 증가를 보이는 Mkp-1 발현을 스트레스 처치 후 siRNA 주입을 통해 대조군 수준으로 회복시키자 우울행동이 회복되는 결과를 보였고, 하위 인자들의 발현 역시 같이 조절되는 것을 확인하였다. 스트레스에 의해 조절되는 Mkp-1 신호전달과정은 항산화제인 rosmarinic acid (RA)에 의해 스트레스와 반대로 조절되었다. RA는 항산화제로서, 스트레스 호르몬에 의해 생성되는 활성 산소의 제거 뿐 아니라 Mkp-1 신호전달과정에 속하는 모든 인자를 스트레스와 반대방향으로 조절함으로써 항우울제로서의 가능성을 확인하였다. 스트레스 호르몬 수용체인 glucocorticoid receptor (GR)의 바인딩에 의해 조절되는 Mkp-1의 발현이 RA에 의해 감소하였는데, 아마도 이는 GR의 세포 내 작용 위치의 변화로 인한 결과로 보인다. RA 처치에 의해 Mkp-1 프로모터에서의 GR 바인딩이 감소하였고, 쥐 해마 세포주 염색 실험을 통한 GR의 분포 정도가 스트레스 호르몬의 처치와 달라진 것을 확인하였기 때문이다. 본 연구에서의 실험 결과들을 통해 만성 스트레스에 의해 유도되는 지속적인 우울 행동의 원인 기전으로서 Mkp-1 신호전달과정을 밝혔고, 이를 조절하는 후성유전학적 조절 기전을 확인하였다. 또한 이 신호전달과정을 저지하는 RA의 역할을 확인함으로써 항우울제로서의 가능성을 확인하였다.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsI. INTRODUCTION 5 1-1. Depression and stress 5 1-2. Glucocorticoids and glucocorticoid receptor 6 1-3. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants 8 1-4. Epigenetic mechanisms of gene expression alterations 11 1-4-1. DNA methylation 12 1-4-2. Histone modification 13 1-4-3. Epigenetics in depression 15 II. THE OBJECTIVE AND SPECIFIC AIMS OF THE THESIS 17 III. MATERIAL AND METHODS 19 3-1. Animlas 19 3-2. Restraint stress 19 3-3. Drug administration 19 3-4. Behavioral analyses 20 3-4-1. The U field sociability test 20 3-4-2. Tail suspension test 21 3-4-3. Forced swimming test 21 3-4-4. Novelty-suppressed feedling test 21 3-5. Steretaxic injections of siRNA 22 3-6. Western blotting 23 3-7. Immunohistochemical analysis 25 3-8. Immunofluorescence staining 26 3-9. Immunocytochemistry 28 3-10. Quantitative Real-Time PCR 28 3-11. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation assays 30 3-12. Cell culture and drug treatment 32 3-13. Transfection of siRNA 33 3-14. ROS visualization and superoxide detection in vitro 33 3-15. Statistical analysis 34 IV. RESULTS 35 4-1. Chronic stress promoted depression-like behaviors with the reduced expression of HDAC2 and SUV39H1 in the hippocampus 35 4-1-1. Chronic stress induced lasting depression-like behaviors 35 4-1-2. Reduced expression of HDAC2 and SUV39H1 in the hippocampus was critical for depression-like behaviors 38 4-2. Corticosterone downregulated Hdac2 and Suv39h1 expression, whereas corticosterone-induced decrease of these genes was blocked by rosmarinic acid 46 4-2.1. Glucocorticoid decreased Hdac2 and Suv39h1 expressions in a glucocorticoid-dependent manner 46 4-2.2. Hdac2 and Suv39h1 expression was regulated by GC or antioxidants 46 4-2-3. RA increased the levels of Hdac2 and Suv39h1 transcripts. 49 4-3. RA-dependent expressions of Hdac2 and Suv39h1 in HT22 cells were regulated by pCREB and PPARγ 54 4-3.1. RA upregulated the transcription factors, pCREB and PPARγ 54 4-3.2. Hdac2 and Suv39h1 expressions were regulated by pCREB and PPARγ, respectively 57 4-4. pCREB & PPARγ in the hippocampus regulated Hdac2 & Suv39h1 expressions and depression-like behaviors 61 4-4.1. Reduced expression of pCREB and PPARγ in the hippocampus promotes depression-like behaviors 61 4-4.2. RA treatment rescued stress-induced depression-like behaviors 66 4-5. MKP-1 was an upstream regulator in GC-dependent changes of MAPK-pCREB-Hdac2 and PPARγ-Suv39h1 pathways and regulated depression-like behaviors 70 4-5.1. MAPKs regulated transcription of the Hdac2 and Suv39h1 via pCREB/ PPARγ 70 4-5.2. MKP-1 was an upstream regulator in GC-dependent changes of MAPK-pCREB-Hdac2 and PPARγ-Suv39h1 pathways 74 4-5.3. Chronic stress induced Mkp-1 expression which promoted depression-like behaviors 78 4-6. MKP-1 was negatively regulated by HDAC2 and SUV39H1 83 4-6-1. The members of Mkp-1-MAPK-pCREB-Hdac2 or Mkp-1-MAPK- PPARγ-Suv39h1 pathways were co-localized in a single cell level 83 4-6-2. Mkp-1 expression was regulated by the epigenetic factors, HDAC 2 andSUV39H1 88 4-6-3.Chronic stress increased Mkp-1 expression stress-time dependently 93 4-7. Mkp-1-MAPK-pCREB-HDAC2 and Mkp-1-MAPK-PPARγ-SUV39H 1 pathways regulated the expression of BDNF and neuritic morphology of hippocampal pyramidal neurons 94 V. DISCUSSION 104 5-1. The stress hormone GC upregulated Mkp-1 expression in the Hippocampus,which promoted depression-like behaviors 104 5-2. Rosmarinic acid acted as a counteractor against GC effects 106 5-3. Chronic stress lastingly suppressed the Mkp-1 pathway via an epigenetic mechanism 109 5-4. BDNF as a target gene regulated by the Mkp-1 pathway in the brain of stressed mice 111 REFERENCES 113 Abstract (국문 초록) 135-
dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent5250594 bytes-
dc.languageeng-
dc.publisher이화여자대학교 대학원-
dc.subject.ddc100-
dc.titleChronic stress promotes depression-like behavior through epigenetic modification of Mkp-1 signaling module in the hippocampus-
dc.typeDoctoral Thesis-
dc.format.pagexviii, 134 p.-
dc.identifier.thesisdegreeDoctor-
dc.identifier.major대학원 뇌·인지과학과-
dc.date.awarded2018. 2-
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