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dc.contributor.advisor조인호-
dc.contributor.author김경아-
dc.creator김경아-
dc.date.accessioned2019-02-18T16:33:05Z-
dc.date.available2019-02-18T16:33:05Z-
dc.date.issued2019-
dc.identifier.otherOAK-000000154086-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dcollection.ewha.ac.kr/common/orgView/000000154086en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/handle/2015.oak/249342-
dc.description.abstractAs population aging is progressing all around the world, diseases associated with senescence such as osteoporosis are drawing more attention. Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by weakening of the bone, which becomes more porous and less dense. It is more common in elderly women because estrogen’s natural bone-protecting effects cease to exist after menopause. Current treatment for osteoporosis mainly consists of antiresorptives to stop the resorption, or bone-eating process. These include bisphosphonates, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM). There is also a bone forming agent, and the only such osteoanabolic with FDA approval is parathyroid hormone (PTH). All of these therapeutic options show adverse effects ranging from esophageal ulcers and bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis from taking bisphosphonates to serum calcium imbalance from taking PTH. Because of these adverse effects, new therapeutic strategy that is safe and effective is highly expected targeting osteoporosis. As an essential part of the regenerative medicine, stem cell therapy is a developing field that may shed a light. Among different types of stem cells undergoing extensive research, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are remarkably safe and easy to obtain. MSC can be isolated from different sources including bone marrow, adipose tissue, and particularly, human tonsillar tissue. MSC isolated from discarded tonsils during tonsillectomy are named human tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (TMSC). These cells are notably proliferative and bankable, and able to differentiate into various types of cells. In this study, TMSC were delivered intratibially or subcutaneously in vivo, and their therapeutic potential for postmenopausal osteoporosis was examined. ICR mice undergone bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) and fed low calcium diet were selected as the animal model for this study. TMSC were injected into the proximal tibia of OVX in the first part of study, and in the second part of study, TMSC were injected into the subcutaneous area of the back. For the subcutaneous TMSC injection, in situ forming gelatin-hydroxyphenyl propionic acid hydrogel (GHH) was utilized in cell delivery for maintenance of and support for the cells. TMSC injections were given once or twice during 3 months of follow-up, after which analysis was performed. Intratibial TMSC injection demonstrated bone regeneration capacity when injections were given twice during 3 months. TMSC therapy was well-tolerated in OVX mice, and the tibia stayed intact after the procedure of intratibial injection. Through three-dimensionally (3D) reconstructed micro-computed tomographic (microCT) images, recovery of bone loss was observed in both right and left femoral head trabecular regions, but not in the proximal tibial region where injections were given. Histological evaluation revealed the presence of TMSC remnants in the bone marrow. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone volume to tissue volume ratio showed the same pattern. Additionally, a decrease in serum osteocalcin (OCN) level indicated stabilization of bone metabolism, and an increase in serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level showed induced bone formation, both taking place in OVX mice treated with double intratibial TMSC injections. Furthermore, visceral fat reducing effect was also apparent. Subcutaneous TMSC injection exhibited therapeutic potential only when GHH was utilized as scaffold. Like intratibial TMSC injections, subcutaneously injected TMSC therapy was generally well tolerated by OVX mice. MicroCT images showed improved trabecular architecture of the femoral head, observed in mice treated with TMSC embedded in GHH (TMSC-GHH). BMD increase resulting from TMSC-GHH treatment was comparable to that of estrogen treatment. TMSC-GHH also recovered serum OCN level, and elicited bone formation apparent from a rise in serum ALP level. Finally, visceral fat was significantly reduced upon TMSC-GHH therapy. TMSC were viable and proliferating in GHH mesh, with less cell death compared to in 2D culture condition. This study endorses TMSC as a new potential therapeutic approach for bone loss. TMSC manifested the regenerative potential toward postmenopausal osteoporosis, when they were directly delivered to the proximal tibia twice over a 3-month period, and when they were embedded in GHH scaffold to be subcutaneously delivered. This study explored several combinations of injection possibilities for optimization of TMSC therapy. Thus, the present work contributed to expansion of the current insights into MSC therapeutics for osteoporosis.;인구의 고령화가 진행되면서 노인 관련 질환 중 하나인 골다공증에 이목이 집중되고 있는 만큼, 치료 효과는 유지하되 부작용이 적은 골다공증 치료제 개발의 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 이에 줄기세포를 이용한 치료제가 연구되고 있으며, 특히 안전하고 분리와 배양이 용이한 중간엽줄기세포가 각광받고 있다. 골다공증 환자에게 적용하기 위해서는 이런 중간엽줄기세포 치료제의 최적화가 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 이를 위해 편도유래줄기세포 치료제를 다양한 방법으로 투여하여 골 개선 효과를 보고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 양측 난소 절제 쥐를 폐경 후 골다공증 모델로 사용하여 편도유래줄기세포를 경골에 직접 주사하거나 피하에 주사하여 골다공증 개선 효과를 보는 두 가지 연구를 진행하였다. 피하주사 시에는 젤라틴 기반 하이드로젤 지지체를 활용한 편도유래줄기세포 주입군도 포함하였다. 치료제 주입 후 3개월 간 경과를 관찰했고, 각 주입 방법마다 1회 주입군과 2회 주입군으로 나누어 조사하였다. 미세 전산화 단층 촬영 분석을 통해 뒷다리 뼈의 구조 및 골밀도 등을 확인하였고, 혈청 골 관련 표지자를 측정하였다. 또한, 부검 시의 장기를 관찰하였고, 내장 지방의 무게를 측정하여 비교하였다. 편도유래줄기세포 경골 직접 주입군 중 2회 주입군에서 주입 시작 3개월 이후에 관찰 시 유의한 골 개선 효과가 관찰되었다. 미세 전산화 단층 촬영 결과, 2회 경골 직접 주입군은 대퇴골두 골소주의 3차원 재구성 이미지에서 비치료군에 비해 유의한 개선을 보였다. 경골 근위부 골소주에서는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 조직학적 관찰을 통해 편도유래줄기세포의 일부분이 골수에 남아있는 것을 확인하였다. 혈청 오스테오칼신 농도 역시 2회 경골 직접 주입군에서 비치료군에 비해 유의하게 감소하여 골 대사가 보다 안정화된 것을 관찰하였고, 혈청 알칼리성 인산가수 분해효소 농도는 유의하게 증가하여 골 형성이 촉진된 것을 확인하였다. 폐경 후에 나타나는 내장지방 증가에도 편도유래줄기세포를 2회 경골 직접 투여가 효능을 보여 비치료군에 비해 유의한 내장지방 감소를 초래한 것을 관찰하였다. 편도유래줄기세포의 경골 직접 주입은 칼슘 농도 이상이나 거시적인 부작용을 일으키지 않았으며, 경골의 파괴 역시 발견되지 않았다. 편도유래줄기세포의 피하 투여의 경우, 젤라틴 기반 하이드로젤 지지체를 활용한 경우에만 투여 시작 3개월 이후에 관찰 시 골 개선 효과를 보였다. 젤라틴 기반 하이드로젤에 포장된 편도유래줄기세포를 투여 받은 군은 비치료군에 비해 미세 전산화 단층 촬영 이미지에서 골두 골소주의 질적 개선과 양적 개선을 보였으며, 혈청 오스테오칼신 농도는 2회 주입군에서만 유의한 감소를 보였다. 골 형성 지표인 혈청 알칼리성 인산가수 분해효소 농도는 투여횟수에 관계없이 비치료군에 비해 지지체와 함께 편도유래줄기세포를 주입 받은 군에서 유의하게 증가하는 것을 관찰하였다. 이러한 골다공증 개선 효과는 지지체 없이 편도유래줄기세포만 투여 받은 군에서는 관찰되지 않았다. 편도유래줄기세포의 피하 투여 역시 대체로 안전하여 거시적인 부작용을 일으키지 않았고, 경골 투여와 마찬가지로 내장 지방 감소 효과를 보였다. 본 연구는 골다공증 치료를 위한 중간엽줄기세포 치료제의 최적화 조건을 탐구하여 줄기세포 치료제 개발 연구에 기여할 것으로 보인다. 특히 이전에 시도되지 않았던 피하 투여 방법과 효능 개선을 위한 젤라틴 기반 하이드로젤의 활용은 골다공증 치료를 위한 중간엽줄기세포 치료제의 새로운 가능성을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsI. Introduction 1 A. Osteoporosis 1 B. Current osteoporosis treatment 3 C. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy for osteoporosis 4 D. Tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (TMSC) 5 E. Gelatin-based hydrogel (GH) scaffold 6 II. Objectives 10 III. Materials and Methods 11 A. TMSC isolation and expansion 11 B. Animal model 13 C. Synthesis of the hydrogel scaffold 14 D. In vitro viability assay of TMSC embedded in GHH (TMSC-GHH) 14 E. Study design 15 1. Negative control 15 2. Positive control 18 3. TMSC therapy 18 F. Measurement of serum biochemical markers 19 G. Micro-computed tomography (microCT) analysis 20 1. Intratibial TMSC injection study 20 2. Subcutaneous TMSC injection study 21 H. Histological evaluation 23 I. Postmortem organ collection 23 J. Statistical analysis 24 IV. Results 25 A. Intratibial TMSC injection study 25 1. Experimental design of intratibial TMSC injection study 25 2. Establishment of osteoporosis animal model for intratibial TMSC injection study 27 3. Inspection of intratibial injection method 29 4. Double injections of intratibial TMSC showed recovered trabecular structure in the femoral head 31 5. Intratibial TMSC injections improved serum bone-related markers in vivo 35 6. Remnants of TMSC were detected in tibia of OVX mice receiving intratibial TMSC therapy 37 7. Intratibial TMSC therapy was well tolerated in OVX mice 40 8. Intratibial TMSC injections reduce visceral fat mass 42 B. Subcutaneous TMSC injection study 45 1. Experimental design of subcutaneous TMSC injection study 45 2. Establishment of osteoporosis animal model for subcutaneous TMSC injection study 47 3. TMSC incorporated into GHH mesh were viable and proliferating 49 4. TMSC-GHH was successfully formed in vivo 53 5. Subcutaneous TMSC-GHH showed recovered trabecular structure in the femoral head 55 6. Subcutaneous TMSC-GHH injections improved serum bone-related markers in vivo 57 7. Subcutaneous TMSC-GHH therapy did not cause apparent liver or kidney toxicity in OVX ice 59 8. Subcutaneous TMSC-GHH injections reduce visceral fat mass 61 V. Discussion 63 Bibliography 76 Abstract (in Korean) 84-
dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent3816217 bytes-
dc.languageeng-
dc.publisher이화여자대학교 의학전문대학원-
dc.subject.ddc610-
dc.titleRegenerative Potential of Human Tonsil-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells toward Postmenopausal Osteoporosis-
dc.typeDoctoral Thesis-
dc.title.translated편도유래줄기세포의 골다공증 치료효과에 관한 연구-
dc.format.pagex, 86 p.-
dc.identifier.thesisdegreeDoctor-
dc.identifier.major의학전문대학원 의학과-
dc.date.awarded2019. 2-
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