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dc.contributor.advisor이지희-
dc.contributor.author윤영소-
dc.creator윤영소-
dc.date.accessioned2018-04-04T11:56:56Z-
dc.date.available2018-04-04T11:56:56Z-
dc.date.issued2017-
dc.identifier.otherOAK-000000137379-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dcollection.ewha.ac.kr/jsp/common/DcLoOrgPer.jsp?sItemId=000000137379en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/handle/2015.oak/241454-
dc.description.abstract사멸세포의 인식 및 탐식작용 (effrocytosis)은 염증 해소 인자 (pro-resolving cytokines)를 분비하여 조직 항상성 유지에 중요한 역할을 한다. 첫 번째 부분의 연구는, bleomycin에 의해 유도되는 폐염증과 폐섬유화 모델에서 PPARg의 역할을 규명하고자 한다. Bleomycin 투여한 마우스 모델에서 초기 사멸세포 주입으로 폐포대식세포와 폐조직에서 PPARg의 mRNA와 단백질이 21일까지 계속 증가하였다. 사멸세포 주입 후 PPARg의 활동도 및 이와 관련된 타겟 인자인 CD36, macrophage mannose receptor (MMR), Arg 1 들의 발현이 증가하였다. PPARg 억제제인 GW9662를 사멸세포와 동시 투여 시 증가된 사멸화 세포 탐식 능력 (phoagocytic index)이 감소되었으며, 감소된 염증 유발인자와 hydroxyproline 치수, a-SMA, fibronectin, type I collagen a2의 발현, caspase-3와 -9의 활성도, MPO 활성도를 도로 증가시켰다. 이 결과는 사멸세포의 주입 후 PPARg 발현과 활동도가 사멸세포의 탐식능력을 증가시키고, PPARg 활성 경로와 efferocytosis 간에 일련의 긍정적 피드백이 작용되어 사멸화세포의 일회 주입 후 지속적으로 efferocytosis 증진과 함께 PPARg 경로가 증진되어 항염증 및 항섬유증을 매개한다는 것을 의미한다. 두 번째 부분의 연구는, 대식세포 (macrophage)와 사멸세포 (apoptotic cells)의 상호작용이 폐포상피세포 (alveolar epithelial cell)가 간엽세포로 변형되는 되는 상피간엽이행 (Epithelial-mesenchymal transition: EMT)에서 어떤 역할을 하는지 규명하는 것이다. 결과를 살펴보면 대식세포에 사멸세포를 노출 후 20시간에 획득한 배양액 (사멸세포 배양액)을 폐포상피세포 LA-4 세포에 투여 시 Transforming growth factor (TGF)-b1에 유도된 E-cadherin 발현 감소, N-cadherin 및 a-SMA의 발현 증가가 억제되었다. 뿐만 아니라 TGF-b1에 의해 증가했던 Snail1/2, Zeb1/2, Twist1과 같은 EMT를 유도하는 전사인자 역시 사멸세포 배양액을 투여 시 마찬가지로 EMT 억제 작용이 일어났다. 이러한 결과를 통해 대식세포와 사멸세포의 상호작용에 의한 EMT 억제작용의 분자적 기전을 조사하였다. 대식세포에 cycloocygenase (COX-2) 억제제 NS398과 COX-2 짧은 간섭 RNA (COX-2 siRNA) 또는 Rho 키나아제 억제제인 Y-27632와 RhoA 짧은 간섭 RNA (RhoA siRNA)를 노출시키거나 LA-4 cell에 PGE2 수용체 억제제 (EP2 [AH-6809], EP4 [AH-23848]), PGD2 수용체 억제제 (DP1 [BW-A868C], DP2 [BAY-u3405]), 또는 HGF 수용체인 c-Met의 억제제인 PHA665752를 각각 처리하여 사멸세포 배양액에 의해 억제되어진 항 EMT 작용이 감소되는 것을 확인하였다. 더불어 생체 내 (in vivo)에서 bleomycin 투여한 폐에서 사멸세포를 주입한 경우 primary mouse 폐포 type II 상피세포에서 EMT가 억제되고, 폐조직에서 면역조직학적 연구를 통해 섬유아세포의 활성이 억제됨을 확인하였다. 이 결과는 대식세포와 사멸세포와의 상호작용으로 상피간엽이행을 억제하고 PGE2, PGD2, HGF를 통해 진행되는 섬유화 반응을 조절할 수 있는 것을 의미하는 바이다. Part1과 Part2의 연구 결과를 통해 사멸화세포 주입이 폐섬유증 뿐만 아니라 주요 기관의 섬유증 예방 및 치료에 있어 새로운 세포치료법의 대안으로 제안될 수 있다.;Recognition and clearance of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) result in the secretion of pro-resolving cytokines to maintenance of tissue homeostasis. In the first part, the role of PPARg in resolution of murine lung inflammation and fibrosis was investigated. The research demonstrates that early apoptotic cell instillation after bleomycin results in immediate and prolonged enhancement of PPARg mRNA and protein in alveolar macrophages and lung. Furthermore, PPARg activity and expression of its target molecules, including CD36, macrophage mannose receptor (MMR), and arginase I, were enhanced following apoptotic cell instillation. Co-administration of the PPARg antagonist, GW9662, with apoptotic cells, reversed the enhanced efferocytosis and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, neutrophil recruitment, apoptotic activity of caspase-3 and -9, MPO activity, the expression of pro-resolving cytokines, hydroxyproline contents and fibrosis markers. These findings suggest that apoptotic cell instillation contributes to anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic responses via upregulation of PPARg expression and activation, associated with regulation of efferocytosis and production of pro-resolving cytokines. In the second part, I investigated that interaction of macrophage with apoptotic cells on (EMT) process in lung alveolar epithelial cells. Treatment with conditioned medium derived from macrophages cultured with apoptotic cells suppressed TGF-b1-induced EMT process, including loss of E-cadherin, synthesis of N-cadherin and a-SMA, and induction of EMT-activating transcription factors, such as Snail1/2, Zeb1/2, and Twist1. Next, I investigated how interaction of macrophage with apoptotic cells inhibit the TGF-β1-induced EMT process in lung alveolar epithelial cells. This is demonstrated by exposure of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) inhibitors (NS-398 and COX-2 siRNA) or RhoA/Rho kinase inhibitors (Y-27632 and RhoA siRNA) and LA-4 cells to antagonists of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor EP4 [AH-23848], PGD2 receptors (DP1 [BW-A868C] and DP2 [BAY-u3405]), or the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor c-Met (PHA-665752), reversed EMT suppression by the conditioned medium. In addition, in vivo exposure of apoptotic cells into bleomycin-treated lungs inhibited EMT process in primary mouse alveolar type Ⅱ epithelial cells. This data suggest macrophages can be programmed by apoptotic cells to inhibit EMT process and control the progressive fibrotic reaction via PGE2, PGD2 and HGF.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsⅠ. Introduction 1 A. Pulmonary fibrosis 1 B. EMT in fibrosing diseases 5 C. Consequences of apoptotic cell removal 9 D. PPARg 13 E. Objective 16 Ⅱ. Materials and Methods 17 A. Reagents 17 B. Cell lines, culture, and stimulation 18 C. Animal protocols 18 D. Incubation of epithelial cells with conditioned medium 20 E. Transient transfection 20 F. Bronchoalveolar lavage cells, lung tissue, and cell counts 21 G. Isolation and culture of primary cells 22 H. Induction of apoptosis and necrosis 24 I. RNA isolation and quantitative real-time PCR 24 J. Western blot analysis 25 K. Measurement of PPARg activity 26 L. Caspase-3 and -9 activities 26 M. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 27 N. Measurement of total protein in lavage samples 28 O. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity 28 P. Immunocytochemistry 29 Q. Immunohistochemistry 29 R. Measurement of hydroxyproline 30 S. Lung histology 30 T. Satistical analysis 31 Ⅲ. Results 35 Part I. The role of PPARg in resolution of murine lung inflammation and fibrosis 35 1.1 Immediate and prolonged enhancement of PPARg expression by apoptotic cell instillation into bleomycin-stimulated lungs 35 1.2 PPARg activity and its target molecules by apoptotic cell instillation in bleomycin-stimulated lungs 39 1.3 Cellular origin of PPARg in the lung 42 1.4 The role of PPARg activation in increasing the efferocytic ability of alveolar macrophages 42 1.5 Reduction of inflammation following instillation of apoptotic cells into bleomycin-stimulated lungs via PPARg activation 48 1.6 Pro-resolving cytokines following apoptotic cell instillation into bleomycin-stimulated lungs are regulated by PPARg activation 50 1.7 Reduction of apoptosis and lung fibrosis following apoptotic cell instillation into bleomycin-stimulated lungs is mediated by PPARg activation 57 1.8 Enhancement of survival rate following instillation of apoptotic cells into bleomycin-stimulated lungs via PPARg activation 58 Part II. The interaction of macrophages with apoptotic cells in EMT process 62 2.1 Interaction of macrophages and apoptotic cells prevents TGF-b1-induced EMT in lung epithelial cells 62 2.2 Interaction of macrophages with apoptotic cells inhibits Smad-independent TGF-b1 signaling 63 2.3 Direct interaction between LA-4 epithelial cells and apoptotic cells does not inhibit TGF-b1-induced EMT in LA-4 cells 64 2.4 Interaction of macrophages and apoptotic cells inhibits EMT via COX-2-derived PGE2 and PGD2 secretion 73 2.5 Interaction of macrophages and apoptotic cells mediates EMT inhibition via RhoA-dependent HGF secretion 79 2.6 Exogenous PGE2, PGD2, and HGF inhibit TGF-b1-induced EMT 82 2.7 Conditioned medium from BMDM with apoptotic cell mediates EMT inhibition via PGE2, PGD2 and HGF secretion 84 2.8 In vivo, instillation of apoptotic cells blocks the EMT phenotype 87 Ⅳ. Discussion 90 References 105 국 문 초 록 123-
dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent9781835 bytes-
dc.languageeng-
dc.publisher이화여자대학교 대학원-
dc.subject.ddc600-
dc.titleCritical role and molecular mechanisms of efferocytosis for the inhibition of pulmonary fibrosis-
dc.typeDoctoral Thesis-
dc.title.translated폐섬유화 억제를 위한 사멸세포 인식 및 탐식작용에 잠재적 역할 및 기작-
dc.format.pagexii, 125 p.-
dc.identifier.thesisdegreeDoctor-
dc.identifier.major대학원 의과학과-
dc.date.awarded2017. 2-
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