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dc.contributor.advisor최원목-
dc.contributor.author이지형-
dc.creator이지형-
dc.date.accessioned2016-08-26T04:08:29Z-
dc.date.available2016-08-26T04:08:29Z-
dc.date.issued2016-
dc.identifier.otherOAK-000000128244-
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/handle/2015.oak/215029-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dcollection.ewha.ac.kr/jsp/common/DcLoOrgPer.jsp?sItemId=000000128244-
dc.description.abstract본 연구의 목적은 국제무역기구 조약상의 각 통상규정 및 생물다양성협약과 나고야의정서상의 접근 및 이익공유 체제 간의 긴장관계를 분석하고 해결함으로써 국제통상과 환경법의 조화로운 거버넌스를 모색하는 것이다. 국제통상법과 접근 및 이익공유 체제의 충돌 가능성을 살피면서 본 연구는 우선 두 체제의 역사적 배경을 분석하였다 차대전 후 브레튼 우즈 경제체제에서 통상의 축을 담당했던 관세 및 무역에 관한 일반협정은 년대 개발도상국의 신국제경제질서 움직임과 대립 및 긴장관계에 있었다 본 연구는 2장에서 이 양대 체제의 주요 법원리를 비교 대조함으로써 국제통상법의 배경에 있는 법원리와 개발도상국들의 국제경제질서 재편 요구가 한편으로는 충돌하고 한편으로는서로 통섭하는 양상을 밝혀내었다 이후 관세 및 무역에 관한 일반협정은 세계무역기구 그리고 신국제경제질서의 주요 요구사항은 환경법 특히 접근 및 이익공유 체제와 같은 자연자원관리와 관련된 국제법으로 이어진다. 3장에서는 역사적 분석을 바탕으로 현재의 국제통상법과 접근 및 이익공유 체제의 충돌 가능성을 살폈다 양자는 충돌하지 않는 방향으로 조화롭게 적용할 수 있지만 접근 및 이익공유 규정에 따라 제약적인 통상조치나 지적재산권 제한 조치 등을 취하는 경우 충돌은 발생할 수 있음을 논증하였다. 4장에서 이러한 긴장 및 충돌관계를 예방 및 해소하기 위하여 통상체제 내에서 접근 및 이익공유 체제의 거버넌스를 담당하는 방안을 모색한 후 본 연구는 통상 차원에서 접근 및 이익공유 체제를 담당한다고 하더라도 공정하고 공평한 이익공유라는 핵심적인 요건에 대한 방향 제시가 없이는 통합적인 거버넌스는 요원하다는 잠정적인 결론을 내리고 공정하고 공평한 이익공유의 의미를 밝히고자 관련 문헌 및 정의개념을 살핀 결과 생물다양성 분야에서 공정하고 공평하다는 의미에는 크게 실체적, 절차적w 인지적 정의의 요소가 있음을 밝혔다 또한 이러한분류 하에 9가지의 세부적인 요소 즉 실체적 정의 하에 가치 교환 자유로운 교환, 필요에 따른 분배, 가치 극대화, 절차적 정의 하에 정보접근권, 참여권, 분쟁해결 접근권, 그리고 인지적 정의 하에 동등한 가치의 인지 및 동등한 존중이라는 요소가 있음을 논증하였다 생물다양성협약과 나고야의정서 그리고 국제환경법을 살핀 결과 이들 가지 요소 모두가 어 9 느 정도의 국제법적 근거가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 요소를 적용하여 보면 생물다양성협약과 나고야의정서 하의 현재 접근 및 이익공유 체제는 공정하고 공평한 이익공유의 요건을 충족하지 못하는 면이 다분하다는 결론을 내릴 수 있었다 접근 및 이익공유가 국가에 따라 엄격하게 규제되어 연구개발 등의 이용이 제한되는 현재의 체제에서는 자유로운 교환과 가치의 극대화 등 실질적인 정의의 요건도 충족되지 않으며, 정보접근의 어려움과 불투명함 때문에 절차적인 정의에도 미치지 못하며 토착 지역공동체 등의 세계관과삶의 방식을 동등하게 인정하고 존중하는 인지적 정의 역시 지금처럼 국가의 주권에 접근 및 이익공유를 맡기는 체제 하에서는 충족하기 어렵기 때문이다. 이러한 이익공유체제의 문제점은 국가와 시장 중심적이었던 신국제경제질서 자체의 허점에서 기원한다 국가 주권에 의 . 존하는 현재의 체제로서는 공정하고 공평한 이익공유라는 협약 및 의정서의 목적은 물론이고 통상과 접근 및 이익공유의 안정적이고 조화로운 거버넌스 역시 달성하기 어렵다는 것이 본 연구의 주장이다. 해결책은 신국제경제질서의 또 다른 유산이라고 할 수 있는 인류 공동유산의법리 활용에서 발견할 수 있다 본 연구는 해양법에 관한 유 . 엔협약에서 심해저 자원의 개발 법리, 식량농업 식물유전자원 협약에서의 공개 접근 체제 등에 주목하여 장기적으로 유전자원에 공개적으로 접근하도록 하는 방안을 제안한 후 그 단계적 접근법을 제시했다 우선. 1단계에서는 이미 월경상태 및 국가 영역 외에 있는 자원, 식량농업 식물유전자원 협약상의 식물유전자원 등 공개되어 있는 유전자원 풀을 통합적으로 관리하는 데서 시작해서 2단계에서는 현재 각국이 주권을 행사하는 유전자원도 점차 지역적 지구적 합의를 통해 공개하고 각자 상이한 접근 및 이익공유 규정을 통합한다 그리고 . 3단계에서는 최종적으로 모든 유전자원을 공동 풀로서 공개적으로 접근하고 단일 체제 및 기준으로 이익공유를 하는 방법이다. 이렇듯 유전자원 접근을 자유화하고 이익공유를 단일화함으로써 유전자원 이용을 촉진하고 생물다양성 보전을 위한 기금을 조성할 뿐만 아니라 통합적인 접근 및 이익공유 체제 하에서 국제통상체제와의 조화 또한 이룰 수 있을 것으로본 연구에서는 전망한다.;The purpose of this study is to seek a harmonious governance of international trade and environment by examining the conflicts between the governance of international trade under the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreements and adjacent bodies of law on the one hand, and on the other the governance of access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their utilization under the Convention on Biological Diversity and Nagoya Protocol. As background, the study identifies the historical roots of these two bodies of law, specifically the postwar Bretton Woods system which the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the precursor to the WTO, was a part of, and the New International Economic Order (NIEO) that arose as a response and critique of Bretton Woods and the prior structures of economics and international law that developing countries argued were inimical to their aspirations for political and economic independence. Broad principles are summarized from both and contrasted, showing the tensions between GATT/WTO principles such as non-discrimination and market liberalization on the one hand and the NIEO’s of permanent sovereignty over natural resources and support for development on the other. While there are clear tensions, there are also areas of exchange and compromise on areas such as preferential treatment of developing countries. While the NIEO failed to achieve its broader goals of reforming the international system, its legacy is evident in the international law of natural resources, forming an alternative for international governance that poses both a contrast to and fertile ground for cross-pollination with the law of international economic governance. Moving onto concrete provisions, an analysis of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol reveals that the laws of access and benefit-sharing x for genetic resources under these two agreements have incorporated market principles much as the GATT/WTO system incorporated ideas from NIEO. The Convention and Protocol also rely to a high degree on domestic measures with few controls over the level of heterogeneity that would arise, something that may hinder both the substantive goals of contributing to biological diversity and sustainainability by facilitating access to genetic resources, and the legal certainty and transparency that the Nagoya Protocol obligates states to provide. These concerns are deepened by an analysis of the potential and current conflicts between the governance of trade and access and benefit-sharing. From quantitative restrictions to conflicts with trade-related intellectual property standards, the heterogeneity of access and benefit-sharing regulations, their reliance on unilateral measures and bilateral arrangements, and their sometimes uncertain relationship to conservation goals may exacerbate preexisting tensions between trade and environmental governance. In order to seek a resolution to these tensions, there follows an examination of some of the key terms of access and benefit-sharing governance, focusing on the meaning of fair and equitable benefit-sharing. The term is inextricable from concepts of justice, of which the literature identifies three main aspects in the context of biodiversity governance, namely substantive fairness, procedural fairness, and cognitive justice. A review of the relevant scholarly literature yields nine specific elements under these three categories: exchange of value, free exchange, distribution by need, value maximization, access to information, effective participation, access to justice, recognition of equal worth, and equal respect. It is found that the Convention and Protocol support these elements, especially the ones that fall under substantive and procedural fairness, with less support for cognitive justice. An application of these elements yields the conclusion that the current access and benefit-sharing system under the Convention and Protocol fails to satisfy many xi elements of fairness and equity: Not the substantive aspect of justice, as access and therefore benefit-sharing are hindered under the currently emerging restrictive system of access and benefit-sharing; not the procedural aspect due to the uncertainties that arise under a heterogeneous system of domestic regulations; and not the cognitive aspect because the state- and market-oriented conception of the current conservation and benefit-sharing framework does not adequately reflect different viewpoints and ways of life such as those of indigenous and local communities. The heterogeneity of access and benefit-sharing regulations also exacerbates conflicts with the governance of international trade. This failure of the Convention and Protocol derives from a tension inherent in the ideological framework of NIEO itself, which for all its postcolonial and egalitarian aspirations was both state-centered and market-centered, with intra-state tensions and even some inter-state tensions subsumed in the rhetoric of equality between states. The failure of NIEO’s state-centrism has become the failure of the Convention and the Protocol as well, because the international community cannot resolve global problems such as the decline of biological diversity by trying to nationalize biodiversity itself. The way forward may not be to relinquish the aspirations of the NIEO altogether but rather to emphasize another facet of its legacy, namely the common heritage of mankind and global governance of certain natural resources. Much like the International Seabed Authority to govern the seabed area and its resources under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, or the open access regime of the International Treaty on Plant and Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, some resources are not confined to borders and would give rise to more value when administered as global rather than nationalized or privatized goods. Such global governance would facilitate access to genetic resources and give rise to a more uniform and legally certain system of access and benefit-sharing that would also provide a transnational forum for indigenous and local communities’ rights. This would result in more xii harmonious governance of trade and access and benefit-sharing as well, as multilateral conservation efforts pose less problems for trade rules and potential conflicts could be resolved in a more uniform way between international bodies with broad and universal governance powers. In this way the decades-long tension in the postwar system of international governance could also be resolved, each achieving its valid goals in harmonious cooperation-
dc.description.tableofcontentsI. Introduction 1 A. Object of the Study 1 B. Background of the Study 3 C. Literature Review 9 D. Scope and Structure of Study 11 II. ABS and Trade in International Law 14 A. The Bretton Woods System and Its Discontents 14 1. Historical Precedent and the Establishment of the Post-War International Economic System 14 2. The Legal Content of the GATT Regime 15 B. The New International Economic Order and Its Legacy 22 1. Background and Antecedents 22 2. NIEOs International Legal Positions 24 C. Comparison and Contrast of the GATT System and NIEOs Legacies 38 1. Permanent Sovereignty Over Natural Resources and the Liberalization of Trade 38 2. Regulation and Supervision Over Transnational Economic Activities 39 3. Equitable Commodity Prices and the Rules of Trade 39 4. Development Cooperation Aid and Intellectual Property 40 5. Preferential Treatment in Trade and the Rules of Trade 40 6. The Role of Dispute Settlement and Judicialization 40 D. A Historical Overview of the Convention on Biological Diversity 42 1. Background 42 2. Developing Country Demands and the Course of Negotiations 44 3. Evaluation of the History and Presenting the Problem 46 III. Possible Situations and Areas of Conflict Between Trade and ABS Regimes 49 A. Preliminary Issues: The Canons of Treaty Interpretation and Mutual Supportiveness 50 1. The Canons of Treaty Interpretation 50 2. The CBD Provisions for Relationship with Other Treaties 53 3. The Nagoya Protocols Provisions on Relationships with Other Treaties 54 4. Principles of Harmonious Interpretation and Implementation 57 B. ABS Measures Taken in Conflict with the WTO Agreements 59 1. Quantitative Restrictions on Trade in Goods and GATT Article XX Exceptions 60 2. Intellectual Property Protections and ABS 74 3. Restrictions on Trade in Services 77 4. Investor Protections 77 C. Conflict of Objectives Between the CBD and WTO 78 IV. The Governance of Trade and ABS: Critique and Solutions 80 A. Changes to the WTO System and the Integration of Governance in Trade 80 B. Fair and Equitable Benefit Sharing 83 C. Overview and Literature Review 101 D. The Contents of Fair and Equitable Benefit Sharing 109 E. Fairness and Equity Provisions in the Convention and Protocol 114 1. The Elements of Substantive Fairness in the Convention and Protocol 114 2. The Elements of Procedural Fairness in the Convention and Protocol 119 3. The Elements of Cognitive Justice in the CBD and NP 125 F. Fairness and Equity in International Law 127 1. Substantive Fairness in International Law 128 2. Procedural Fairness in International Law 132 3. Cognitive Justice in International Law 136 4. An Evaluation of Fairness and Equity in the ABS Regime 138 G. Other Benefit-Sharing Mechanisms in International Law 141 1. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture 141 2. International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants 148 3. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 153 H. Summary and Proposals for the Harmonious Governance of Trade and the Environment 157 V. Conclusion and Recommendations 162-
dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent1963878 bytes-
dc.languageeng-
dc.publisher이화여자대학교 대학원-
dc.subject.ddc300-
dc.titleTrade and Environmental Governance Arising from the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol-
dc.typeDoctoral Thesis-
dc.title.subtitleAccess to Genetic Resources and Fair and Equitable Benefit-Sharing by Mutually Agreed Terms-
dc.creator.othernameLee Jee Hyung-
dc.format.pagexii, 191 p.-
dc.description.localremark박225-
dc.contributor.examiner마재신-
dc.contributor.examiner김대원-
dc.contributor.examiner오선영-
dc.contributor.examiner이병희-
dc.identifier.thesisdegreeDoctor-
dc.identifier.major대학원 법학과-
dc.date.awarded2016. 8-
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