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dc.contributor.author배송미-
dc.creator배송미-
dc.date.accessioned2016-08-26T12:08:02Z-
dc.date.available2016-08-26T12:08:02Z-
dc.date.issued2003-
dc.identifier.otherOAK-000000071288-
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/handle/2015.oak/190550-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dcollection.ewha.ac.kr/jsp/common/DcLoOrgPer.jsp?sItemId=000000071288-
dc.description.abstract폐렴구균(Streptococcus pneumoniae)는 폐렴(pneumonia). 패혈증(bacteremia), 뇌수막염(meningitis), 중이염(otitis media), 및 부비강염(sinusitis) 등의 질환을 유발하는 중요한 병원균으로, 항생제 치료에도 불구하고 폐렴구균에 의한 감염성 질환의 발병률과 치사률이 전세계적으로 매우 높게 나타나고 있다. 본 연구는 1996년부터 1999년까지 서울 소재 대학병원에 내원한 환자로부터 수집한 폐렴구균 142주를 대상으로 하였다. 국내의 임상 분리 폐렴구균의 현황을 확인하기 위하여 혈청형 분석 및 항생제 감수성 조사를 실시하였고, 국내 유행 혈청형으로 확인된 혈청형 19F와 23F 균주들간의 유전적 상관성을 조사하였다. 또한, 폐렴구균의 표면 단백 항원인 37 kDa의 pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA)의 면역원성 분석을 통해 폐렴구균성 감염질환에 대한 백신 후보 또는 진단 지표로서의 사용 가능성을 알아보고자 하였다. 폐렴구균 142주에서 확인된 혈청형은 총 34가지로, 이 중 4가지 혈청형 (19F, 23F, 14 및 9V)이 72주로 50.7%를 차지하였다. 분리 균주의 혈청형 중 23가 백신에 포함되는 것이 92%로 나타나 국내에서의 23가 백신의 사용이 유용할 것으로 기대되었다. 항생제 감수성 시험 결과 전체의 76.8%가 페니실린에 내성 (중등도 12.0%, 고도내성 64.8%)을 보였으며, 특히, 5가지 이상의 항생제에 동시 내성을 보이는 다제 내성 균주의 비율이 71.8%로 국내에서 폐렴구균의 항생제 내성문제의 심각성을 재확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 93주의 페니실린 고도내성 (MICs 2∼8 ㎍/㎖) 폐렴구균 중 fluoroquinolones계 항생제에 대한 고도내성을 보이는 4 균주가 확인되었고, 이들 균주에서 fluoroquinolones계 항생제에 대한 내성은 gyrA, parC 또는 parE 유전자상의 다중 돌연변이에 기인하였다. 국내 우세 혈청형인 혈청형 19F와 23F에 해당하는 폐렴구균들의 PFGE 절편 양상을 85% 이상의 유사성을 기준으로 하여 분석하였을 때, 각각 혈청형 19F는 5 cluster (Ⅰ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, Ⅴ, 및 Ⅵ)로, 혈청형 23F는 2 cluster (Ⅰ and Ⅱ)로 구분되어 동일한 혈청형내에서 유전자 수준에서의 다양성이 확인되었다. 그러나, 혈청형 19F에서는 pattern A와 C가, 혈청형 23F에서는 pattern I와 M이 각각 우세한 PFGE 절편양상으로 확인되어 혈청형 19F와 23F의 다재 내성균들은 몇몇 균주들의 확산에 의한 것으로 판단되었다. 한편, 폐렴구균의 표면 단백 항원인 PsaA를 암호화하는 유전자가 21 가지 혈청형의 폐렴구균에서는 확인되었으나, 폐렴구균을 제외한 다른 근연종에서 증폭산물이 생성되지 않았다. 본 연구에서 고안한 psaA 유전자에 특이적인 primer를 이용한 PCR법이 폐렴구균 검출에 높은 민감도와 특이도를 보였다. S. pneumoniae KNIH2033 균주로부터 psaA 유전자를 클로닝하여 발현 ·정제한 재조합 PsaA 단백항원을 BALB/c mice에 면역하였을 때 KNIH2033 균주 (혈청형 19F)와 D39 균주 (혈청형 2)에 대해 예방효과를 나타내었으며, mice의 혈청에서 PsaA에 대한 항체 생성을 확인하였다. 또한, 폐렴구균의 접종에 의해서도 mice에서 PsaA에 대한 항체가 생성되어 폐렴구균성 질환 발병 기작과 관련이 있을 것으로 생각되었다. 이런 결과들로 볼 때 본 연구를 통하여 국내 임상 분리 폐렴구균의 페니실린 내성률 및 다제 내성률이 현저히 높은 수준임을 확인하였다. 아울러 fluoroquinolones계 항생제에 대한 내성 균주의 출현은 폐렴구균의 항생제 내성에 대한 지속적인 관심과 내성 균주의 급속한 확산 방지를 위한 대책마련이 필수적일 것으로 생각된다. 한편, 본 연구에서 고안한 primer를 사용하여 수행한 psaA 유전자를 기반으로 하는 PCR법은 폐렴구균의 검출 및 폐렴구균성 질환의 진단에 유용할 것으로 사료된다. 또한 재조합 PsaA 단백 항원은 동물모델실험에서 면역원성을 보이며 폐렴구균성 감염질환에 대한 예방효과를 유발하여 폐렴구균 백신의 후보 단백 항원으로서 유용할 것으로 기대된다.;Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis, otitis media, and sinusitis. In spite of the availability of antimicrobial therapy, invasive diseases due to S. pneumoniae continue to cause high morbidity and mortality throughout the world. A total of 142 strains of S. pneumoniae isolated from the patients who were admitted to the university hospitals in Seoul during the period from 1996 to 1999 were studied. To define the current situation of S. pneumoniae clinical isolates in Korea, pneumococcal isolates were analyzed for serotype, antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and genetic relatedness using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis among 19F and 23F serotype. In addition, it was examined whether or not immunized with 37kDa pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA) could elicit protective antibodies and therefore whether PsaA might be considered as a vaccine candidate or diagnostic marker for pneumococcal infections. Among 142 S. pneumoniae isolates, thirty-four serotypes were identified, and four serotypes (19F, 23F, 14, and 9V) accounted for 72 isolates (50.7%). Most (92%) of serotypes of the strains were found in the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine, indicating the potential usefulness of the vaccine in this region. Overall, 76.8% of all isolates were not susceptible to penicillin, exhibiting either intermediate resistance (12.0%) or high-level resistance (64.8%). Most alarmingly, 102 (71.8%) strains showed multiple resistance to more than five drug. These high-prevalence of multidrug-resistant isolates identified the serious problem of antimicrobial resistance in Korea. In addition, four pneumococcal isolates appeared to be resistant to fluoroquinolones tested, among 93 highly-penicillin resistant S. pneumoniae (MICs 2∼8 ㎍/㎖). High-level resistance to fluoroquinolones tested was associated with multiple mutations in gyrA, parC, or parE genes. By using a cutoff value of 85% homology, the genetic relatedness within serotypes 19F and 23F pneumococci, which the predominant serotypes in this study, 5 different clusters were found among the 19F isolates and 2 different clusters were among the 23F isolates, respectively, suggesting clonal diversity among this serotype. However, PFGE pattern A and C were the most common clones among 19F isolates and pattern I and M were the most predominant clones among 23F isolates, respectively. These data suggest that the emergence of multidrug-resistant 19F and 23F isolates is due to the spread of a few predominant clones. S. pneumoniae representing 21 different capsular serotypes were demonstrated the presence of the psaA gene using PCR amplification, but the lack of amplification of heterologous organisms was identified. The preliminary results with the psaA PCR assay utilizing a primer set that targets psaA gene of S. pneumoniae is both sensitive and specific for the detection of S. pneumoniae DNA in vitro preparation. Recombinant the His6-tagged PsaA was purified from E. coli and was shown that immunization with rPsaA elicited rises in anti-PsaA antibody level, as well as protected against lethal challenge with KNIH2033 strain (a source of rPsaA: type 19F) as well as D39 (a well-characterized virulent strain: type 2). Also, the immunization with whole cells elicited anti-PsaA antibody, and this result confirm the possible involvement of PsaA in the pathogenesis of pneumococcal disease. These data indicated a high prevalence of penicillin-resistant or multidrug-resistant S. pneumoniae in Korea. The emergence of highly resistance to fluoroquinolones among penicillin-resistant pneumococci requires the continuous attention and strategies to prevent rapid increase and spread of these strains in Korea. Additionally, using the primers designated in this study, the psaA PCR assay might be successfully used for the detection of pneumococci and diagnosis of pneumococcal diseases. Moreover, the purified rPsaA was immunogenic and protective against pneumococcal challenge in mice model, and, thus, suggested to be useful as the candidate for a protein-based pneumococcal vaccine to prevent pneumococcal diseases.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsContents = i List of Figures = vi List of Tables = ix Abstract = xi Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION = 1 1. Epidemiology and Serotype Distribution = 5 2. Antibiotic Resistance in S. pneumoniae = 9 3. Virulent Factors and Pathogenesis = 13 4. Diagnosis of S. pneumoniae = 17 5. Pneumococcal Vaccine and Prevention = 19 Ⅱ. MATERIALS AND METHODS = 23 1. Bacterial Isolates and Growth Condition = 23 2. Serotyping = 23 2.1. Antisera = 23 2.2. Capsular Swelling Test (Quellung Reaction) = 25 3. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test = 26 3.1. Antimicrobial Agents = 26 3.2. Quality Control Organisms = 26 3.3. Broth Microdilution Susceptibility Tests = 27 3.4. Criteria of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests = 27 4. Detection of Fluoroquinolone Resistance = 28 4.1. Bacterial Strains and Susceptibility Testing = 28 4.2. Preparation of Chromosomal DNA = 29 4.3. Amplification of Quinolone - Resistance Determinants (QRDRs) and DNA Sequencing = 29 5. Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and Dendrogram = 31 5.1. DNA Preparation and Restriction Enzyme Digestion = 31 5.2. Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and Dendrogram = 32 6. Virulence Assays = 32 6.1. Pneumococcal Strains = 32 6.2. Mice = 33 6.3. Mouse Survival and 50% Lethal Dose (LD_50) Studies = 33 7. Conservation of psaA Gene = 34 7.1. Bacterial Strains = 34 7.2. DNA Extraction = 34 7.3. PCR Amplification = 35 8. Detection of S. pneumoniae DNA by PCR = 36 8.1. Bacteria = 36 8.1.1. Bacterial Strains = 36 8.1.2. Bacterial Suspensions = 37 8.1.3. Inoculation of Whole Blood with S. pneumoniae = 37 8.2. PCR Sample Preparation = 38 8.3. PCR amplification of psaA = 38 9. Expression and Purification of Recombinant PsaA = 38 9.1. Bacterial Strains and Growth Conditions = 38 9.2. DNA Manipulations = 39 9.3. Sequence Analysis of psaA Gene = 39 9.4. Nucleotide Sequence Accession Number = 40 9.5. Construction of an Expression Plasmid = 40 9.6. Expression and Purification of His6-tagged Recombinant PsaA = 41 9.7. Preparation of Polyclonal Antibodies = 41 9.8. Preparation of Whole Cell Lysates = 42 9.9. SDS-PAGE and Immunoblotting = 42 10. Mouse Immunization and Intraperitoneal Challenge = 43 10.1. Mice = 43 10.2. Whole Cell Immunization = 43 10.2.1. In vitro Growth Curve = 43 10.2.2. Immunogenicity studies = 44 10.3. Antigens and Immunization = 45 10.4. Challenge of mice with S. pneumoniae = 46 10.5. Detection of Antibodies to PsaA = 46 Ⅲ. RESULTS = 48 1. Characteristics of Clinical Isolates = 48 2. Serotype Distribution = 48 3. Antimicrobial Resistance in S. pneumoniae = 51 3.1. Antimicrobial Susceptibility = 51 3.2. Source of Specimen and Penicillin Susceptibilities = 54 3.3. Serotypes and Penicillin Susceptibilities = 54 3.4. Susceptibility of Penicillin -Susceptible or -Resistant Isolates to Other Antimicrobials = 54 3.5. Multidrugs Resistance = 57 4. Fluoroquinolones Resistance among Penicillin-Resistant Pneumococci = 60 4.1. Characteristics of 93 Penicillin-Resistant Pneumococci = 60 4.2. In - vitro Activity of Fluoroquinolones against High-Level Penicillin-Resistant S. pneumoniae = 60 4.3. Emergence of Fluoroquinolone Resistance among Penicillin - Highly Resistant S. pneumoniae = 62 4.4. Detection of Mutations in QRDRs of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE Genes in Fluoroquinolone - Resistant Clinical Isolates of S. pneumoniae = 66 5. Genetic Relatedness within and between Serotype 19F and 23F Pneumococci = 69 5.1. Characteristics of 19F and 23F Isolates = 69 5.2. PFGE Analysis of Pneumococcal DNA = 71 5.3. Genetic Relatedness within Serotypes 19F and 23F = 71 6. LD_50 Determination = 75 7. Conservation of the Pneumococcal Surface Adhesin A (PsaA) of S. pneumoniae Clinical Isolates = 77 7.1. Conservation of psaA Gene in Different Pneumococcal Serotypes = 77 7.2. Confirmation of the Expression of PsaA in Different Pneumococcal Serotypes = 80 8. psaA PCR-Based Diagnosis for Detection of S. pneumoniae = 83 8.1. In vitro Sensitivity of PCR = 83 8.2. Specificity of PCR for S. pneumoniae = 83 8.3. Sensitive Detection of S. pneumoniae in in vitro - Inoculated Whole Blood = 86 9. Expression and Characterization of Recombinant PsaA = 86 9.1. Nucleotide Sequence of psaA of S. pneumoniae KNIH2033 (19F) and Its Comparison with Other psaA Gene Sequences = 86 9.2. Expression of rPsaA = 92 9.3. Purification of rPsaA = 93 9.4. Preparation and Characteristics of Anti-rPsaA Polyclonal Antibody = 93 10. Protection of Mice against Fatal Pneumococcal Challenge by Immunization with rPsaA = 96 10.1. In vitro Growth Phase and PsaA Production = 96 10.2. Induction of rPsaA-Specific Antibody by i.p. Immunization with rPsaA = 96 10.3. Protection against Lethal Challenge with S. pneumoniae by Immunization with rPsaA = 99 10.4. Induction of rPsaA-Specific Antibody by i.p. Immunization with Whole Cell = 102 Ⅳ. DISCUSSION = 107 1. Serotype Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance = 108 2. Fluoroquinolone Resistance = 112 3. Molecular Epidemiology of S. pneumoniae Serotype 19F and 23F = 116 4. Virulence for Mice = 118 5. psaA PCR-Based Diagnosis for Detection of S. pneumoniae = 120 6. Evaluation of the Potential of rPsaA to Elicit Protection against Pneumococcal Infection = 123 REFERENCES = 128 국문초록 = 143-
dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent1049276 bytes-
dc.languageeng-
dc.publisher이화여자대학교 대학원-
dc.titleCharacterization of streptococcus pneumoniae clinical lsolates in korea and immunogenecity of a pneumococcal surface adhesin a-
dc.typeDoctoral Thesis-
dc.format.page145 p.-
dc.identifier.thesisdegreeDoctor-
dc.identifier.major대학원 생명과학과-
dc.date.awarded2003. 2-
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