다문화가정 청소년의 이중문화수용태도와 심리적 적응의 종단적 상호관계

Abstract

Recently, the need for research has been raised that the cultural and psychological development aspects of multicultural adolescents should be viewed from a positive strength's perspective rather than a stress-vulnerability perspective. Accordingly, recent attention has been paid to the positive aspects of cultural and psychological development of multicultural adolescents. As this study focused on the healthy cultural and psychological development of multicultural adolescents through their characteristics, it examined the cultural and psychological longitudinal interrelationships of multicultural adolescents in Korea. This study verified the development pattern of multicultural adolescents’ bicultural acceptance attitude and psychological adaptation (positive adaptation: life satisfaction, negative adaptation: depression), heterogeneous latent types, and transfer relationships between variables through a longitudinal research theory. In addition, we improved our understanding of the cultural and psychological relationships of multicultural adolescents, and based on this, we discussed the practical and policy implications of social welfare. The results of the research analysis are as follows. First, the development trajectory was verified through the potential growth model of bicultural acceptance attitude and psychological adaptation. First, as a result of examining the dual cultural acceptance attitude through dual development trajectories, the sub-factors Korean cultural-orientation and foreign parent cultural-orientation showed different developmental trajectories, and there appeared to be differences between individuals in the developmental patterns. These results show that bicultural acceptance attitudes are not formed at one point, but are formed through continuous change, and that there are differences between individuals. Next, in the development trajectory of life satisfaction, which is a positive adaptation of psychological adjustment, the life satisfaction of multicultural adolescents showed a temporary increase and then a continuous decrease, and it was confirmed that there were differences between individuals. In the development trajectory of depression, which is a negative psychological adjustment, depression among adolescents from multicultural families showed a continuous increase, and there appeared to be differences between individuals in the development pattern. Second, it was verified that there were heterogeneous latent group types in the 6-year change trajectories of major variables. Three types of bicultural acceptance attitudes were derived, and each type was named 'bicultural-oriented type', 'Korean culture-oriented type', and 'cultural-oriented transition type' according to the characteristics of each type. Looking at the percentage distribution of types, the following order is cultural-oriented transitional type (40.4%), bicultural-oriented type (34.9%), and Korean culture-oriented type (24.6). Next, three types of positive adaptation, life satisfaction, which are psychological adaptations, were derived. Depending on the characteristics of each type, they are 'low satisfaction no change type', 'medium satisfaction decrease type', and 'high satisfaction increase/decrease type', and the proportion of the types is The distribution was in the following order: 'medium satisfaction decreasing type' (58.9%), 'high satisfaction increasing/decreasing type' (33.1%), and 'low satisfaction no change type' (7.8%). Three types of negative adaptive depression were derived, and according to the characteristics of each type, they are 'high depression increasing type', 'medium depression increasing type', and 'low depression no change type', and the percentage distribution of the types is 'medium depression increasing type' (45.9%), 'medium depression increasing type' The 'low depression no change type' (44.1%) was followed by the 'high depression increasing type' (9.8%). Third, we examined the transition relationships between major variables and types of latent groups. Looking at the transfer relationship between the derived latent group types of bicultural acceptance attitude and life satisfaction, the 'bicultural-oriented type' was confirmed to have the highest transfer rate (86.3%) to the 'high satisfaction type', and 'Korean culture-oriented type' was confirmed to have the highest transfer rate (86.3%). The 'high satisfaction increase/decrease type' had the lowest transfer rate (54.2%), and the 'cultural-oriented transition type' had the lowest transfer rate (18%) to the 'high satisfaction increase/decrease type'. Next, looking at the transition relationship in the 'low satisfaction no change type', the 'cultural-oriented transition type' was 2.7%, the 'Korean culture-oriented type' was 1.9%, and the 'dual culture-oriented type' did not show a transfer rate, so in the case of the 'cultural-oriented transition type', the 'low satisfaction no change type' had the highest transition rate. This means that the transfer relationship between the 'bicultural orientation type' and the 'high satisfaction increase/decrease type' was the highest, and the 'low satisfaction no change type' had the highest transfer relationship with the 'cultural orientation transition type'. Next, we looked at the transfer rate of the bicultural acceptance attitude latent group type and the depression latent group type. The 'dual cultural orientation type' was confirmed to have the lowest transition rate (3.0%) to the 'high depression type', the 'Korean culture orientation type' was confirmed to have the lowest transition rate to the 'high depression type' (6.4%), and the 'cultural orientation transition type' was confirmed to have the lowest transition rate (3.0%). The highest level of transfer (20.8%) was found in the 'high depression type'. On the other hand, if we look at the transfer rate of the 'low depression non-change type' in the potential group of bicultural acceptance attitude, we find 'low depression no change type', 'bicultural orientation type' (67.9%), 'Korean culture orientation type' (54.8%), and 'culture orientation type'. The lowest rate was 'oriented transitional deformity' (15.9%). This means that the transfer relationship between the 'cultural-oriented transition type' and the 'high depression type' was the highest, and the 'low depression no change type' had the highest mutual transference between the 'dual culture-oriented type'. The theoretical implications based on the research results are as follows. First, bicultural acceptance attitude and life satisfaction/depression grow in the form of increases and decreases, and there are differences in growth depending on the individual. Second, there are heterogeneous subtypes (bicultural orientation type, Korean culture orientation type, cultural orientation transition type) according to the longitudinal change trajectory of multicultural adolescents in Korea, including the entire school-age period. Third, we examined the relationships between the main variables by confirming the transfer relationships between heterogeneous groups. This study is significant in that it supports the direction of multicultural policy and service support that improves intercultural competency in Korea's multicultural support policies and services. The practical and policy implications are as follows. First, in providing services for strengthening bicultural competencies and healthy psychological development, customized services for children and cleaning of multicultural families are needed. Second, based on the research results, it was argued that screening for early intervention in early childhood at a cultural and psychological level and case management of professional psychological and emotional support in late adolescence (until early adulthood) are necessary. Third, we looked at policy and practical support measures for multicultural adolescents, limitations of the study, and suggestions for future research according to the social identity perspective (intro-individual-inter-individual, intro-group-intergroup). This study presents academic evidence on the longitudinal relationship between bicultural acceptance attitudes and psychological adjustment among multicultural adolescents in Korea. The analysis of the developmental trajectory, latent class, and latent transition of the three variables is provided to offer a more long-term and sustainable solution for multicultural adolescents. Additionally, a specific intervention method is proposed.;최근 다문화가정 청소년의 문화·심리적 발달측면을 스트레스-취약성 관점이 아닌 긍정적 관점인 강점관점으로 바라봐야 한다는 연구가 필요함이 제기됨에 따라 다문화가정 청소년의 문화·심리적 발달 측면에서의 긍정적 측면에 주목하고 있다. 본 연구는 다문화가정 청소년의 특성 및 양상을 학령기 전반을 포함하여 다문화가정 청소년의 건강한 문화 및 심리적 발달 양상에 초점을 두어, 국내 다문화가정 청소년의 문화·심리적 관계를 살펴보았다. 본 연구는 종단연구방법 본 연구에서는 종단연구방법론 중 잠재성장모형 분석, 잠재계층성장 분석, 잠재전이 분석을 활용하였다. 을 통해 다문화가정 청소년의 이중문화수용태도 및 심리적 적응(긍정적응: 삶의 만족, 부정적응: 우울)의 발달양상, 이질적인 잠재유형, 유형 간 전이관계를 검증하여, 다문화가정 청소년의 문화 및 심리적 관계에 이해를 높이고, 이를 바탕으로 사회복지의 실천적, 정책적 함의를 논하였다. 연구분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 세 변인의 발달궤적을 검증하였다. 이중문화수용태도의 두 하위요인인 한국문화지향성과 외국부모문화지향성을 이중궤적분석을 통대 발달양상을 살펴본 결과, 하위요인인 한국문화지향성과 외국부모문화지향성이 서로 다른 발달궤적의 양상이 나타났고, 발달양상에서의 개인 간 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 이중문화수용태도가 한 시점에 형성되는 것이 아닌 지속적으로 변화를 통해 형성되고, 개인 간 차이가 있다는 것을 알 수 있다. 다음으로 심리적 적응의 긍정적응인 삶의 만족 발달궤적에서 다문화가정 청소년의 삶의 만족은 일시적으로 증가하다 지속적으로 감소하는 형태를 보였으며, 개인 간 차이가 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 심리적 적응의 부정적응인 우울의 발달궤적에서 다문화가정 청소년의 우울은 지속적으로 증가하는 형태를 보였으며, 발달양상에서 개인 간의 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 주요변인의 6년간(초5~고1)의 변화궤적에서 이질적인 잠재집단유형이 있음을 검증하였다. 이중문화수용태도는 3개 유형이 도출되었으며, 각 유형의 특성에 따라 ‘이중문화지향형’,‘한국문화지향형’,‘문화지향과도기형’으로 명명하였다. 유형의 비율분포를 살펴보면, 문화지향과도기형(40.4%), 이중문화지향형(34.9%), 한국문화지향형(24.6%) 순이다. 다음으로 심리적 적응인 긍정적응인 삶의 만족은 또한 3개 유형이 도출되었으며, 각 유형의 특성에 따라 ‘낮은만족무변화형’,‘중간만족감소형’, ‘높은만족증감형’으로 명명하였고, 유형의 비율분포는 ‘중간만족감소형’(58.9%),‘높은만족증감형’(33.1%), ‘낮은만족무변화형’(7.8%) 순으로 나타났다. 부정 적응 우울 역시 3개 유형이 도출되었고, 각 유형의 특성에 따라 ‘높은우울증가형’,‘중간우울증가형’,‘낮은우울무변화형’으로 명명하였고, 유형의 비율분포는 ‘중간우울증가형’(45.9%),‘낮은우울무변화형’(44.1%), ‘높은우울증가형’(9.8%) 순으로 나타났다. 셋째, 주요변인 간 잠재집단 유형 간의 전이관계를 살펴보았다. 이중문화수용태도와 삶의 만족의 도출된 잠재집단유형 간의 전이관계를 살펴보면,‘이중문화지향형’과‘높은만족증감형’의 전이율(86.3%)이 가장 높게 확인되었고, ‘한국문화지향형’과‘높은만족증감형’의 전이율(54.2%), ‘문화지향과도기형’이 ‘높은만족증감형’에 전이율(18%)로 가장 낮게 도출되었다. 다음으로‘낮은만족무변화형’과‘문화지향과도기형’의 전이율(2.7%),‘낮은만족무변화형’과‘한국문화지향형’ 전이율(1.9%)이 나타난 반면, ‘낮은만족무변화형’과 ‘이중문화지향형’의 전이율은 나타나지 않았다. 이는 ‘이중문화지향형’과 ‘높은만족증감형’의 전이관계가 가장 높았음을 의미하며, ‘낮은만족무변화형’은 ‘문화지향과도기형’의 전이관계가 가장 높은 것을 의미한다. 다음으로 이중문화수용태도 잠재집단유형과 우울 잠재집단유형의 전이율을 살펴보면,‘이중문화지향형’과‘높은우울증가형’의 전이율(3.0%) 가장 적게 확인되었고, ‘한국문화지향형’과 ‘높은우울증가형’에 전이율(6.4%), ‘문화지향과도기형’과 ‘높은우울증가형’에 전이(20.8%)가 가장 높게 도출되었다. 반면에 이중문화수용태도 잠재집단이‘낮은우울무변화형’의 전이율을 살펴보면,‘낮은우울무변화형’과‘이중문화지향형’(67.9%),‘한국문화지향형’(54.8%),‘문화지향과도기형’(15.9%)이 가장 낮게 나타났다. 이는‘문화지향과도기형’과 ‘높은우울증가형’의 전이관계가 가장 높았음을 의미하며, ‘낮은우울무변화형’은 ‘이중문화지향형’상호전이가 가장 높은 것을 의미한다. 연구 결과를 바탕으로 한 이론적 함의는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 이중문화수용태도와 삶의 만족·우울은 성장하는데 있어서 증감형태로 성장하며, 개인에 따른 성장차이가 있다. 둘째, 학령기 전체를 포함한 국내 다문화가정 청소년의 종단적 변화궤적에 따른 이질적인 하위유형(이중문화지향형, 한국문화지향형, 문화지향과도기형)이 있으며, 셋째, 주요 변인의 이질적인 유형의 집단 간 전이관계를 확인함으로 이들 간의 관계를 살펴보았다. 이러한 연구근거로 우리나라의 다문화지원정책이 동화주의 관점에서 상호문화능력을 향상시키는 상호문화주의 관점의 다문화 정책 및 서비스지원의 방향성을 지지하는 연구가 되었다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 또한 사회복지의 실천적·정책적 함의를 제시하였다. 실천적·정척적 함의를 사회정체성관점(개인 내-개인 간, 집단 내-집단 간)에 따라 다문화가정 청소년을 위한 지원방안을 제시하고 연구의 한계 및 향후연구 제언을 살펴보았다. 본 연구는 다문화가정 청소년의 이중문화 수용태도와 심리적 적응의 종단적 상호관계를 발달적 관점으로 살펴봄에 따라 학술적 근거를 제시하고, 주요 변인의 발달궤적, 잠재유형과 주요 변인 간의 잠재전이를 분석한 결과를 제시하여 보다 장기적이고 지속가능한 해결 방안을 모색하고자 하였다.