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dc.contributor.advisor전상범*
dc.contributor.author이유진*
dc.creator이유진*
dc.date.accessioned2024-01-22T16:31:03Z-
dc.date.available2024-01-22T16:31:03Z-
dc.date.issued2024*
dc.identifier.otherOAK-000000212759*
dc.identifier.urihttps://dcollection.ewha.ac.kr/common/orgView/000000212759en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/handle/2015.oak/266717-
dc.description.abstractSleep is essential not only for physical and mental recovery, but also for controlling physical functions such as development and energy metabolism, cognitive function and long-term memory consolidation. Lack of sleep can increase the risk of metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, and so forth. Therefore, there have been several attempts to improve the quality of sleep through brain stimulation. Thalamus reticular nucleus (TRN), hippocampus, cortex, and basal forebrain have been mainly studied as sleep-related brain regions, but the precise neural mechanisms for sleep control have not yet been clearly identified. Excluding the cortex, other brain areas are not suitable targets for clinical neuromodulation due to their deep location within the brain. In this study, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was targeted for neuromodulation to sleep control. As a major neural circuit involved in sleep-awake control, mPFC forms a cortical-thalamic network via oscillating neural signals with TRN. Optogenetics was used to selectively stimulate sleep-related specific neural cells and circuits. AAV-CaMKIIα-hChR2(H134R)-EYFP was injected into the mPFC region of Sprague-Dawley rat for channel rhodopsin-2 (ChR2) expression. For optogenetic stimulation, a 473 nm laser was irradiated with an intensity of 3.1 mW/mm2. ChR2-expressing neurons in mPFC were activated by light at three different stimulation protocols: 2 Hz, 10 Hz, and spindle-like stimulation. The effects of optogenetic stimulations on various sleep parameters were compared including sleep duration, spindle counts, and sleep transition. As a result, all of three different stimulation protocols were effective to increase overall sleep duration. Specifically, in long-term changes, the most significant increase in sleep was observed with 10 Hz stimulation, whereas acute changes were noted with 2 Hz stimulation. Spindle-like stimulation were proved the most effective in transition from wakefulness to sleep, indicating the initiation of the sleep process. Cognitive enhancement was evaluated using the Y-maze test, showing increased spontaneous alternation after each stimulation protocol. After completing Y-maze test, brain tissues of mPFC and hippocampus were extracted for RNA-sequencing to evaluate gene expression. As a result, more significant changes in the expression of memory-related genes in the hippocampus compared to the mPFC, while alterations in cognition-related genes are more noticeable in the mPFC than in the hippocampus. Significantly, up-regulation of gene expression related to sleep, learning and memory was observed in both mPFC and hippocampus. This study showed that optogenetic stimulation of mPFC effectively modulates sleep patterns, resulting in enhanced sleep quality and cognitive function. These findings are expected to develop effective neuromodulation approach for improving the quality of sleep as well as cognitive function.;수면은 신체적 및 정신적 회복뿐만 아니라 발달과 에너지 대사, 인지 기능 및 기억력과 학습력 향상에 필수적이다. 최근 광유전학 기초과학의 발전과 인간의 뇌에 전극을 수술적으로 삽입하여 뇌활성도를 기록 분석하는 임상적 신경과학적 기술의 발전으로 수면의 질을 높이기 위한 다양한 연구들이 시도되고 있다. 특히 사람에게 적용 가능한 비침습적 신경조율방법을 개발하기 위해서는 실험동물을 이용한 전임상 연구가 필수적이다. 그러나 대부분의 전임상 연구들이 뇌 심부 영역인 시상부, 해마 영역 등을 자극하는 방식으로 수면을 조절하는 방식에 국한되어있다. 본 연구에서는 수면 제어를 위해 내측전전두엽의 신경 조절을 시도하였다. 내측전전두엽은 수면-각성 조절에 관여하는 주요 영역일 뿐만 아니라 작업기억, 주의집중 등의 인지기능에 관여하고 있다. 또한, 이 영역은 초음파 자극을 이용해 비침습적으로 자극이 가능하기 때문에, 사람 대상의 다양한 임상 연구가 진행되고 있는 영역이다. 따라서 본 연구는 전임상에서의 수면조절 효과가 임상시험에서도 적용할 수 있도록 실험을 설계하여, 본 연구가 전임상 연구에 그치지 않고 사람에게 적용 가능한 비침습적 신경조율방법을 개발하기 위한 토대가 될 수 있도록 하는데에 목표가 있다. 광유전학적 자극을 이용한 신경조절은 전임상 단계에서 보다 정밀하게 뇌 신경활동을 조절할 수 있다는 장점이 있다. 본 연구는 내측전전두엽 광유전학 자극을 통해 수면의 길이를 증가시키고, 기억 학습과 연관이 있는 수면 방추파를 성공적으로 유도하였다. 또한, Y-미로 행동 테스트를 통해 수면 조절에 따른 인지 기능 향상 효과를 검증하였으며, 내측전전두엽과 해마영역의 유전자 발현 정도를 분석하여, 보다 구체적인 수면 조절의 효과를 확인하였다. 따라서 본 실험결과는 수면 조절뿐만 아니라, 인지 기능에 저하가 오거나 집중력의 향상이 필요한 환자에게 적절한 뇌 신경 조절치료에 적용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.*
dc.description.tableofcontentsI. Introduction 1 A. Functions of sleep 1 B. Applications for sleep monitoring 2 C. Sleep stages and electrophysiological characteristics 4 D. Sleep-related brain areas and neural circuits 7 E. Brain stimulation methods in rodent study 9 F. Optogenetic neuromodulation for sleep control 11 1. Optogenetics in neuroscience 12 2. Prior researches on sleep control via optogenetic stimulation 13 G. Objectives of the dissertation 18 II. Method 20 A. Sleep monitoring setup in animal study 20 1. Customized acrylic cage 20 2. Electrophysiological recording 21 B. Automatic sleep staging 24 1. Data preprocessing and feature extraction 24 2. Conventional automatic sleep staging methods 26 3. Proposed algorithm for automatic sleep staging 27 C. Preparation of optogenetic in vivo experiment 28 1. Intracranial injection of optogenetic viral vector 29 2. Acute in vivo test 31 3. Tissue fixation and fluorescence imaging 34 D. Optogenetic neuromodulation for sleep control 35 1. Experimental timeline 36 2. Surgical procedure 36 3. Data analysis 38 E. Cognitive function test 38 1. Y-maze test 38 2. RNA-sequencing 40 III. Results 43 A. Sleep monitoring system 43 B. Automatic sleep staging 44 1. Thresholding method 45 2. Sleep index 48 3. Developed automatic sleep staging 50 C. Optogenetic acute test 55 1. Optogenetic virus expression 55 2. Acute in vivo experiment 56 D. Sleep modulation via mPFC stimulation 60 1. Acute change 60 2. Long-term change 62 3. Residual effect 65 4. Summary of sleep changes 66 E. Cognitive enhancement 67 1. Y-maze test 67 2. Gene regulation 68 IV. Discussion 73 V. Conclusion 83 Abstract (in Korean) 84 Reference 86*
dc.formatapplication/pdf*
dc.format.extent5257557 bytes*
dc.languageeng*
dc.publisher이화여자대학교 대학원*
dc.subject.ddc000*
dc.titleOptogenetic neuromodulation of medial prefrontal cortex for sleep control*
dc.typeDoctoral Thesis*
dc.title.translated수면 조절을 위한 내측전전두엽 광유전학 자극*
dc.creator.othernameLee, Youjin*
dc.format.pagexi, 93 p.*
dc.identifier.thesisdegreeDoctor*
dc.identifier.major대학원 전자전기공학과*
dc.date.awarded2024. 2*
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