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dc.contributor.advisor김희선-
dc.contributor.author박정은-
dc.creator박정은-
dc.date.accessioned2023-09-01T16:37:23Z-
dc.date.available2023-09-01T16:37:23Z-
dc.date.issued2023-
dc.identifier.otherOAK-000000201995-
dc.identifier.urihttps://dcollection.ewha.ac.kr/common/orgView/000000201995en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/handle/2015.oak/266112-
dc.description.abstractNootkatone (NKT)은 자몽의 껍질 및 향부자의 근경에 존재하는 sesquiterpenoid 계열의 천연 화합물이다. 본 연구에서는 LPS로 유도된 신경염증과 MPTP로 유도된 파킨슨병 마우스 모델에서 NKT의 신경보호 및 항염증 효과와 이와 관련된 분자적 메카니즘을 규명하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 첫번째 파트에서는, LPS로 활성화된 BV2 소교세포와 LPS로 유도된 전신 염증 마우스 모델에서 NKT의 항염증 효과를 확인해 보았다. LPS로 활성화된 BV2 세포에 NKT 처리시 NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6와 같은 염증 인자들의 생성이 억제되었고, 항염증성 사이토카인인 IL-10의 생성은 증가되었다. NKT의 항염증 효과와 관련된 기전을 분석한 결과, PI3K/Akt, p38 MAPK, NF-κB 활성은 억제하고 AMPK, Nrf2/ARE, PKA/CREB 신호전달을 증가시킴을 확인했다. 흥미롭게도 NKT는 항산화효소인 NQO1의 단백질 및 mRNA 발현을 크게 증가시킴을 관찰하였다. 이러한 NQO1과 AMPK의 증가가 NQO1의 항염증 효과를 매개하는지 알아보기 위하여, BV2 세포에 NKT를 처리하기 전에 NQO1 siRNA, NQO1 억제제 dicoumarol, AMPK 억제제 compound C를 전처리 하였다. 그 결과, 이 억제제들에 의해 NKT의 항염증 효과가 감소됨을 관찰함으로써 NQO1과 AMPK가 NKT의 항신경염증 효과를 매개하는데 중요한 역할을 함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 LPS로 유도된 신경염증 마우스 모델에서 NKT가 신경염증과 산화 스트레스를 억제함으로써 신경 보호 및 항염증 효과를 나타냄을 증명하였다. LPS를 주사한 마우스의 뇌에서 NKT는 소교세포의 활성화, 지질 과산화, 염증 인자 발현을 감소시켰고, 항염증 사이토카인의 발현은 증가시켰다. 더 나아가 in vitro와 마찬가지로 in vivo에서도 NQO1이 NKT의 항염증 및 항산화 효과를 매개하는지 알아보고자 먼저 LPS를 주사한 마우스의 뇌에서 NKT에 의한 NQO1 발현의 증가를 확인하고 소교세포에서 NQO1의 발현이 증가한다는 것을 확인하였다. 다음으로 in vitro와 마찬가지로 NQO1 억제제인 dicoumarol을 전처치함으로써 NKT에 의해 감소했던 소교세포의 활성화, 지질 과산화, 염증 인자의 발현이 역전됨을 확인하였다. 이는 NQO1이 LPS를 주사한 마우스에서도 NKT의 항염증 효과를 매개함을 보여주는 결과이다. 본 연구의 두번째 파트에서는, MPTP를 주사한 파킨슨병 마우스 모델에서 NKT의 항염증, 항산화, 신경 보호 효과를 확인해 보았다. MPTP를 주사한 마우스에서는 NKT가 동물의 운동 능력을 향상시키고, 도파민 뉴런의 사멸을 억제하고 신경 보호 인자와 항산화 물질의 발현을 증가시킴을 관찰하였고, 소교세포와 성상세포의 활성화와 염증 인자들의 발현은 감소시킴을 확인하였다. 또한 NKT는 MPTP 마우스 뇌의 성상세포에서 HO-1과 NQO1의 발현을 증가시키고, 일차배양 성상세포에서도 항산화 효소의 발현과 Nrf2/ARE 신호 전달을 활성화시킴을 관찰하였다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 MPTP 마우스와 일차배양 성상세포에 NKT을 처치하기 전에 Nrf2 억제제인 brusatol을 전처치하였다. 그 결과, NKT에 의해 증가했던 운동 능력, 신경 보호 인자, 항염증, 항산화 물질의 발현이 감소되었고 NKT에 의해 감소했던 소교세포 및 성상세포의 활성화와 염증 물질의 발현은 증가됨을 확인하였다. 이는 NKT에 의한 Nrf2/ARE 신호전달 기전의 활성화가 NKT의 신경 보호 및 항염증 효과를 매개함을 보여주는 결과로 판단된다. 본 연구를 통해 신경염증 및 파킨슨병 마우스 모델에서 NKT의 항염증, 항산화, 신경보호 효과를 규명하였다. 구체적인 기전 분석을 통하여 Nrf2 신호전달 활성화가 NKT의 효과를 전반적으로 매개함을 규명하였다. 이러한 결과들은 신경 염증과 산화 스트레스를 동반한 파킨슨병 및 다른 퇴행성 뇌질환에서 NKT의 잠재적인 치료효과를 제시해 준다.;Nootkatone (NKT), a natural sesquiterpenoid compound isolated from grapefruit, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, antiobesity, and anti-platelet activities. However, the pharmacological effect of NKT in brain glial cells and in vivo neuroinflammatory conditions has not been reported until now. In the present study, I investigated the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects of NKT in neuroinflammation and Parkinson’s disease (PD) models and analyzed detailed molecular mechanisms. In the first part of this study, the effects of NKT in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglial cells and systemic inflammation mouse models were investigated. NKT inhibited the expression of iNOS, COX-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory markers like IL-10, Arg-1, and PPAR-γ. In addition, NKT inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and upregulated the expression of antioxidant enzymes, such as NQO1 and HO-1. Molecular mechanistic studies showed that NKT inhibited Akt, p38 MAPK, and NF-κB activities, while increasing AMPK, PKA/CREB, and Nrf2/ARE signaling in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. Since NKT dramatically increased NQO1 expression, the role of this enzyme was investigated using pharmacological inhibition or knockdown experiments. Treatment of BV2 cells with the NQO1-specific inhibitor, dicoumarol, or with NQO1 siRNA significantly blocked NKT-mediated inhibition of NO, ROS, TNF-, IL-1β, and upregulation of IL-10. Furthermore, NQO1 inhibition reversed the effects of NKT on pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling molecules. Intriguingly, it was found that the AMPK inhibitor, compound C, recapitulated the effects of dicoumarol, suggesting the presence of a crosstalk between NQO1 and AMPK. Besides, NKT inhibited microglial activation, lipid peroxidation, and the expression of pro-inflammatory markers in LPS-injected mouse brains. NKT upregulated the expression of NQO1 in the microglia of the LPS-injected mice and the anti-inflammatory/antioxidant effects of NKT were also reversed by dicoumarol. These data collectively suggest that NQO1 plays a critical role in mediating the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of NKT by modulating AMPK and its downstream signaling pathways in LPS-induced neuroinflammation. In the second part of this study, the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects of NKT were demonstrated in PD mouse model induced by MPTP injection. NKT recovered MPTP-induced locomotor dysfunction, as demonstrated by rotarod and pole tests, and loss of TH-positive dopaminergic neurons in the SN. In addition, NKT upregulated neurotrophic factors such as p-CREB, PGC-1α, BDNF, GDNF, and Bcl-2. NKT inhibited microglial/astrocyte activation, and showed anti-inflammatory effects by reducing pro-inflammatory mediators and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, NKT increased astroglial HO-1 and NQO1 expression in the brains of MPTP mice, and upregulated the antioxidant enzyme expression through Nrf2/ARE signaling in rat primary astrocytes. To investigate whether Nrf2 signaling mediates the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective effect of NKT, MPTP mice or rat primary astrocytes were pretreated with Nrf2 inhibitor brusatol before NKT treatment. Treatment of rat primary astrocytes with brusatol or Nrf2 siRNA significantly blocked NKT-mediated upregulation of antioxidant enzymes and Nrf2/ARE signaling. In addition, the effects of NKT on the neurotrophic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant molecules were reversed by brusatol in MPTP-induced PD mouse model, indicating that the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of NKT are mediated through activation of Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. Overall, NKT may be a therapeutic candidate for PD and other neurodegenerative diseases, which are accompanied by oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsI. INTRODUCTION 17 1. Role of microglia and astrocytes in neuroinflammation 17 2. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease 21 3. Mechanisms of MPTP toxicity 24 4. Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in the brain 27 5. Pharmacological effects of nootkatone 31 6. The purpose of research 34 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 35 1. Animals 35 2. Reagents and antibodies 35 3. Drug administration 36 4. Microglia and astrocyte cultures 37 5. Cell viability test 38 6. Measurement of cytokines, nitrite, and intracellular ROS levels 38 7. Measurement of NAD+ /NADH redox ratio 39 8. Transient transfection and luciferase assay 40 9. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) 40 10. RT-PCR analysis 41 11. Western blot analysis 43 12. Assessment of motor function 43 13. Preparation of brain tissue 44 14. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analysis 44 15. Statistical analysis 46 III. RESULTS 47 PART I. Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of nootkatone in LPS-induced neuroinflammation model 47 1.1. Nootkatone shows anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated microglial cells 47 1.2. Nootkatone inhibits microglial activation, lipid peroxidation, and the expression of proinflammatory markers in LPS-injected mice 52 1.3. Nootkatone modulates NF-% DQGPKA/CREB signaling in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells 56 1.4. Nootkatone enhances AMPK phosphorylation and inhibits the phosphorylation of Akt, p38 MAPK in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells 56 1.5. Nootkatone has antioxidant effects via inhibition of ROS production and upregulation of antioxidant enzymes that are under the transcriptional control of Nrf2/ARE signaling 61 1.6. Upregulation of NQO1 mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of nootkatone in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells 66 1.7. NQO1 as a primary regulator of inflammatory mediators via crosstalk with AMPK signaling 66 1.8. NQO1 mediates nootkatone-induced suppression of microglial activation, lipid peroxidation, and proinflammatory gene expression in the brains of LPS-injected mice 73 PART II. Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of nootkatone in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease mouse model 79 2.1. Nootkatone recovers the impaired movement and the expression of TH and neuroprotective markers in MPTP-induced PD mouse model 79 2.2. Nootkatone shows anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting activation of astrocytes/microglia in MPTP-induced PD mouse model 84 2.3. Nootkatone increases antioxidant enzyme expression in astrocytes of MPTP-induced PD mouse model 90 2.4. Nootkatone increases antioxidant enzyme expression in rat primary astrocytes 95 2.5. Knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of Nrf2 reverses nootkatone-mediated upregulation of antioxidant enzymes in rat primary astrocytes 98 2.6. The Nrf2 inhibitor brusatol reverses the effects of nootkatone on astroglial antioxidant enzyme expression in MPTP-induced PD mouse model 102 2.7. The Nrf2 inhibitor brusatol reverses the effects of nootkatone on locomotor function, TH expression, and glial cell activation in MPTPinduced PD mouse model 106 2.8. The Nrf2 inhibitor brusatol reverses the effects of nootkatone on neurotrophic factor and inflammatory mediator expression in MPTPinduced PD mouse model 111 IV. DISCUSSION 114 V. CONCLUSION 122 VI. REFERENCES 123 ABSTRACT (in Korean) 137 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 140-
dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent13952247 bytes-
dc.languageeng-
dc.publisher이화여자대학교 대학원-
dc.subject.ddc600-
dc.titleAnti-inflammatory and neuroprotective mechanisms of nootkatone in neuroinflammation and Parkinson's disease mouse models-
dc.typeDoctoral Thesis-
dc.title.translated신경염증과 파킨슨병 마우스 모델에서 Nootkatone의 항염증 및 신경보호 매커니즘-
dc.format.page[xvi], [124] p.-
dc.identifier.thesisdegreeDoctor-
dc.identifier.major대학원 의과학과-
dc.date.awarded2023. 2-
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