19 ~ 20세기 平生圖屛 연구

Abstract

본 연구는 사대부가 누릴 수 있는 이상적인 삶을 시각적으로 형상화한 ‘평생도(平生圖)’의 제작배경과 양상에 분석하는데 목적을 둔다. 평생도는 조선 후기 이래 근대기까지 지속적으로 제작되었는데, 본고에서는 최고의 지위에 오른 문관으로서의 이상적인 일생뿐만 아니라 외적에 맞서 승리를 거둔 명예로운 무관의 모습을 담아낸 무관평생도로의 변용에도 주목했다. 이에 본고는 먼저 평생도의 연원을 추적하며 화제의 성립 과정과 명칭에 대해 고찰을 시도하고 곽자의(郭子儀)의 이상화된 일대기를 평생도의 측면에서 조망하는 한편, 19세기 발기(發記)를 통해 ‘평생도’라는 명칭이 사용되었던 시기를 추정했다. 아울러 세속적 열망이 시각적으로 응축된 평생도의 제작과 소비의 주체로서 경화세족(京華世族)의 존재에도 주목해 보았다. 평생도의 성격을 분석함에 있어서는, 먼저 평생도의 범본으로서 문관평생도를 논의하였다. 문관의 일생을 그린 《모당평생도(慕堂平生圖)》와 《담와평생도(淡窩平生圖)》를 간략히 살피고 이를 적극적으로 계승하여 길상적 성격이 두드러지는 전개양상을 분석했다. 그리고 이 가운데 개인의 기록성이 두드러지는 평생도의 용례를 구별했다. 한편, 무관평생도의 등장은 조선후기 무관에 대한 사회적 인식이 높아졌던 것과 깊은 관련이 있는 것으로 보인다. 조선후기에 이르면 무과제도의 변화와 함께 무용 및 무예와 관련된 다양한 시각적 표현이 증가했기 때문인데, 따라서 문관평생도에서 강조되었던 일생의례와 이상적인 관직생활의 장면이 무공과 전투장면으로 대체되기도 했다는 점은 흥미로운 현상이라 하겠다. 다시 말해 무관평생도는 크게 기존의 문관평생도에서 따르고 있는 구성과 도상의 큰 틀을 유지하면서도, 무관의 특성에 맞게 변용되는 유형, 특정인물의 삶을 도해한 전기적 성격의 유형으로 나누어 볼 수 있을 것이다. 특히, 전기적 성격의 무관평생도는 특정인물의 개인적 경험을 옮겨 내고 그의 삶을 후대에 기리기 위한 목적을 지녔던 것으로 보이는데, 이는 다분히 자전적인 양상을 보여주기는 한편 감계적인 성격 역시 내포한다고 판단된다. 이처럼 본 연구는 주로 19세기부터 20세기 전반까지 제작되었던 평생도의 면면을 밝히고, 그 과정에서 평생도의 연원을 추적함과 동시에, 새로운 유형과 양상을 규명하였다는 점에서 의의를 찾고자 한다.;This study is intended to focus on the phenomenon of Pyeongsaeng-do(Picture of a person’s ideal life moments) that started in the late Joseon Dynasty and appeared in various ways until the modern times, and to analyze its background of production and aspects. In the late Joseon Dynasty, there was prevalence of Pyeongsaeng-do that visualized the most ideal life that noble people could enjoy. In addition, as the social recognition and system of military officers were changed, there were various works about military officers, which led to a new trend of Pyeongsaeng-do that was combined with military officers. First, this study tried to trace the origin of the lifetime and examine the process and name of the establishment, and looked at the idealized life story of ‘Gwak Ja-ui’ from the perspective of the lifetime Pyeongsaeng-do illustrated Hoebang that commemorates longevity and blessing, scenes of the 60th wedding anniversary, the appearance of being in the highest government position and honorable military officer after victory against Japan. Therefore, it visualized the most ideal and honorable life moments that noble people could enjoy instead of commoners. However, even though there are relatively many categorized works that still remain, records or literature about Pyeongsaeng-do hardly remained, so there is a great diversity of opinion about names and periods, which are all guessed. Prior to analyzing Pyeongsaeng-do, the origin was traced, and establishment process and names were reviewed. In addition, the clear name ‘Pyeongsaeng-do’ could be identified through Balgi of the 19th century, and the period of the name use could be estimated earlier than other existing studies. Specifically, what social classes established and enjoyed Pyeongsaeng-do were also researched. In the establishment process of Pyeongsaeng-do, Capital-based Aristocrats, a newly appearing power class, gathered attention. The Capital-based Aristocrats intended to enjoy wealth and honor by becoming high-ranking officials, and Pyeongsaeng-do with this mundane aspiration condensed was actively used. Through Balgimun of royal court found in the process of estimating names of Pyeongsaeng-do, Pyeongsaeng-do was made for Byeongpungdo in the royal court. In other words, Pyeongsaeng-do was made and enjoyed by the aspiration of Capital-based Aristocrats to maintain their glorious lives, and was succeeded in the royal court as well. Gradually, it was spread to common people. Next, Pyeongsaeng-do that was generally discussed was divided into characteristics of military officers and civil servants, and based on two representative works of civil servants, works that succeeded to each of them are considered as auspicious Pyeongsaeng-do. Second, Pyeongsaeng-do works of record pictures with individuality instead of auspicious characteristics are analyzed. Meanwhile, as the military service examination system was changed in the late Joseon Dynasty, social recognition about military officers was also changed. Therefore, various media related to dance and martial art were increased, and military officer Pyeongsaeng-do appeared. Interestingly, as main characters in Pyeongsaeng-do became military officers, it showed remarkable difference from existing Pyeongsaeng-do, and everyday rituals and ideal public office life, which were highlighted in Pyeongsaeng-do, were omitted, or the elements of martial arts were added. Additionally, the aspects that become motif were traced to find out influential relations while scenes of military officer Pyeongsaeng-do were analyzed. Lastly, military officer Pyeongsaeng-do is classified based on characteristics of works. The military officer Pyeongsaeng-do is classified into a type that is acculturated suitably for characteristics of military officers while adopting structure and composition of the existing civil cervants Pyeongsaeng-do, and a type of biographical characteristics that illustrated specific figures’ lives without being affected by other works. The military officer Pyeongsaeng-do type of biographical characteristic is based on actual records of personal experiences with the purpose to honor in later generations. This indicates it has autobiographical and reflective characteristics. This study multi-laterally analyzes aspects of Pyeongsaeng-do that haven’t been studied yet. This study is meaningful in that through records and works that weren’t been analyzed, the origin of Pyeongsaeng-do was newly discovered, and new types and aspects were investigated.