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dc.contributor.advisor조인호-
dc.contributor.author이현주-
dc.creator이현주-
dc.date.accessioned2021-01-25T16:30:21Z-
dc.date.available2021-01-25T16:30:21Z-
dc.date.issued2021-
dc.identifier.otherOAK-000000172840-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dcollection.ewha.ac.kr/common/orgView/000000172840en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/handle/2015.oak/256111-
dc.description.abstractZearalenone (ZEN) is a non-steroidal mycotoxin with reported toxicological effects on mammalian health. However, its effects on endothelial cells (ECs) are currently unknown. In this study, we found two potential effects of ZEN on bovine aortic ECs (BAECs). First, lower concentrations of ZEN (≤ 20 μM) reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), but higher concentration (≥ 30 μM) induced apoptosis of BAECs. Promoter analysis using 5′-serially deleted human eNOS promoter revealed that the proximal region (−135 to +22) was responsible for ZEN-mediated reduction of human eNOS promoter activity when used at ≤ 20 μM. This effect was reversed by mutating two specificity protein 1 (Sp1) binding elements in the human eNOS promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay data revealed that ZEN increased Sp1 binding to the bovine eNOS promoter region (−113 to −12), which is homologous to the −135 to +22 region of the human eNOS promoter region. ZEN also induced binding of the pregnane X receptor (PXR) to Sp1 of the bovine eNOS promoter, consequently decreasing eNOS expression. This reduction of eNOS could contribute to decreased acetylcholine-induced vessel relaxation upon ZEN treatment in an ex vivo study using mouse aortas. Second, when used at ≥ 30 μM, ZEN induced apoptosis of BAECs by increasing the cleavage of caspase 3 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase. ZEN also increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and p53. Treatment with ERK1/2 or p53 inhibitors reversed ZEN-induced BAEC apoptosis. Transfection of small interfering RNAs targeting ERK1/2 or p53 revealed ERK1/2 as upstream targets of p53 in ZEN-stimulated apoptosis. ZEN also increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, treatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine did not prevent EC apoptosis. Similarly, blocking of the genomic estrogen receptor antagonist ICI182,780 and nongenomic estrogen receptor antagonist G15 did not prevent ZEN-induced apoptosis. Chelation of cytosolic Ca2+ using BAPTA-AM or inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ channel using 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate reversed ZEN-induced EC apoptosis, but not by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress using 4-phenylbutyric acid. Collectively, our results demonstrate that ZEN at ≤ 20 μM decreases eNOS expression and subsequent NO production by enhancing the binding of PXR-Sp1 to the eNOS gene promoter. Furthermore, higher concentrations of ZEN (≥ 30 μM) induce BAEC apoptosis through an ERK1/2/p53/caspase 3 signaling pathway activated by Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum. The latter mechanism is independent of ROS production and estrogen receptor activation.;제랄레논 (zearalenone)은 대표적인 비스테로이드 에스트로겐 곰팡이 독소의 하나로 옥수수, 밀과 같은 곡물류에서 발견되며, 에스크로겐 수용체와 결합하여 특정 유전자의 DNA, 단백질 합성을 억제하여 여러 종류의 포유류 세포에서 발암성, 생식독성, 유전독성 및 면역독성을 유발시킨다고 보고되었다. 그러나, 혈관내피세포에서의 효과는 알려진 바가 거의 없다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 혈관내피세포인 bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs)를 사용하여 제랄레논의 두가지 잠재적 효과를 규명하였다. 첫째, 제랄레논 (20 μM)은 BAECs에서 일산화질소 (NO)생성과 일산화질소 생성효소 endothelial NO synthase (eNOS)의 발현을 감소시켰다. 프로모터 luciferase reporter assay를 수행 한 결과, 제랄레논이 human eNOS promoter 특정영역 (-135 to +22)의 활성 감소를 매개 하는것을 확인하였다. 이러한 효과는 사람 eNOS 프로모터에 specific protein 1 (Sp1)이 결합 할 수 있는 부분을 변형 시켰을 때 역전됨을 확인하였다. 또한 크로마틴 면역침전분석실험을 통해 제랄레논이 사람의 eNOS 프로모터 영역 (-135 to +22)과 일치하는 소의 eNOS 영역 (-113 to -12)에서도 Sp1의 결합을 증가시키며, Sp1의 특정 억제제인 mithramycin A에 의해 감소됨을 확인하였다. 이 결과를 통해 BAECs에서 제랄레논에 대한 eNOS 발현 감소 역시 Sp1이 연관되어 있음을 확인 하였다. 더 나아가, 제랄레논이 PXR과 Sp1의 결합을 증가시켜 Sp1이 특정 소 eNOS 프로모터 영역 (-113 to -12)의 결합을 유도하며, 결과적으로 eNOS의 발현을 감소시키는 것을 밝혀냈다. 또한 마우스 대동맥의 아세틸 콜린 유래 혈관 이완을 제랄레논이 저해하며, 이는 eNOS 발현감소가 원인이 될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 두번째로 제랄레논을 더 높은 농도 (30 μM)로 처리하면, caspase 3 및 PARP 단백질의 절단이 증가되어 BAECs의 세포사멸이 유도되는 것을 확인하였다. 이 효과는 ERK1/2 및 p53의 인산화가 증가로 유도되었다. 이들의 억제제 및 siRNA를 사용하여 인산화 및 발현을 감소시키면 제랄레논에 의한 세포사멸이 감소되며, ERK1/2가 p53의 상위조절자임을 알 수 있었다. 또한 이전 논문들에 의해 알려진 것처럼 BAECs에서 제랄레논에 의해 ROS 생성이 증가 되었으나, 항산화제 처리가 제랄레논에 의한 세포사멸에는 영향을 주지 않았는데, 이는 ROS와는 관련 없는 독립적인 기전을 통해 세포사멸이 유도된다는 것을 시사한다. 이와 비슷하게, 에스트로겐 수용체의 특이적인 억제제의 처리 역시 세포사멸을 억제하지 못하였다. 소포체 유래 스트레스 억제제는 효과를 나타내지 못하는 반면에 세포질 칼슘이온 저해제와 소포체의 칼슘이온 채널 억제제 처리가 제랄레논에 의해 증가된 ERK1/2와 p53 인산화를 감소를 유도하며 세포사멸을 저해하는 것을 확인하였다. 결과적으로 종합하면, 이 학위논문에서는 제랄레논이 이전 보고와는 다르게 ROS 생성과 에스트로겐 수용체에 독립적으로 PXR과 Sp1의 결합체를 특정 eNOS 프로모터 영역에 결합시켜 eNOS 발현을 감소시킬 뿐만 아니라 소포체 유래 칼슘 방출에 의한 ERK1/2/p53/caspase 3 기전 활성이 혈관내피세포 사멸을 유도함을 증명하였다.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsI. Introduction 1 A. Zearalenone 1 B. Nitric oxide (NO) and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) 3 C. Apoptosis 6 II. Objective 9 III. Materials and Methods 10 A. Materials 10 B. Cell culture and drug treatment 11 C. Full length and 5'-deletion human eNOS promoters 12 D. Site-directed mutagenesis 12 E. Small interference RNA (siRNA) transfection and gene overexpression 14 F. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR 16 G. Western blot analysis 18 H. Promoter luciferase reporter assay 19 I. Measurement of NO concentration 19 J. In silico analysis 19 K. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay 20 L. Preparation of nuclear and non-nuclear fractions 20 M. Co-immnuprecioitation (Co-IP) from nuclear fraction of bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) 21 N. Animal experiments 21 O. Measurement of endothelium-dependent vessel relaxation 22 P. Cell viability assay 22 Q. Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocynate (FITC)/propidium iodide (PI) double Staining 23 R. Detection of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels 23 S. Measurement of cytosolic calcium ion (Ca2+) levels 24 T. Statistical analysis 24 IV. Results 26 Part I. Effects of ZEN on NO production and eNOS expression in BAECs 26 1. ZEN decreases NO production and eNOS mRNA and protein expressions 26 2. Estrogen receptors are not involved in ZEN-mediated decrease of eNOS protein expression 29 3. Involvement of the human eNOS gene proximal region (-135 to +22) in decreased ZEN-mediated eNOS gene transcription 33 4. Increased Sp1 binding to the human eNOS promoter region between -135 and +22 mediates ZEN-decreased transcriptional activation of eNOS 36 5. Mithramycin A, a selective Sp1 inhibitor, and Sp1 siRNA reverses ZEN-induced decrease of eNOS promoter activity, protein expression, and NO production 39 6. HDACs, NCoR1, or SMRT do not reverse ZEN-mediated decreases of eNOS protein and mRNA expressions 44 7. ZEN-induced decreases of eNOS mRNA and protein expressions are mediated by PXR 47 8. ZEN-mediated PXR binding to Sp1 is required for binding of Sp1 to the eNOS promoter of BAECs 49 9. ZEN decreases ACh-induced vessel relaxation through decreased eNOS protein expression in mouse aortas 52 Part II. Effect of ZEN on apoptosis in BAECs 55 1. ZEN increases apoptotic cell death of BAECs 55 2. ZEN-induced apoptosis is mediated by phosphorylation of ERK1/2 59 3. p53 is involved in ZEN-induced apoptosis of BAECs 62 4. ERK1/2 are an upstream mediator of p53-mediateing ZEN-induced BAEC apoptosis 65 5. Estrogen receptors are not involved in ZEN-stimulated apoptosis 68 6. ZEN induces ROS, which is not involved in ZEN-induced BAEC apoptosis 71 7. ZEN mediates apoptosis through a cytosolic Ca2+-dependent pathway 73 8. Endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for cytosolic Ca2+ release by ZEN 77 V. Discussion 80 Part I. Effects of ZEN on NO production and eNOS expression in BAECs 80 Part II. Effect of ZEN on apoptosis in BAECs 85 VI. Conclusion 89 VII. Bibliography 92 VIII. Abstract (in Korean) 106-
dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent4934997 bytes-
dc.languageeng-
dc.publisher이화여자대학교 대학원-
dc.subject.ddc600-
dc.titleEffects of mycotoxin zearalenone on nitric oxide production, endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression, and apoptosis in bovine aortic endothelial cells-
dc.typeDoctoral Thesis-
dc.title.translated제랄레논에 의한 혈관내피세포에서의 일산화질소 생성과 일산화질소 생성효소 발현 감소와 세포사멸에 대한 기전 연구-
dc.format.pagexi, 108 p.-
dc.identifier.thesisdegreeDoctor-
dc.identifier.major대학원 의과학과-
dc.date.awarded2021. 2-
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