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dc.contributor.advisor이대기-
dc.contributor.advisor박은정-
dc.contributor.author장지영-
dc.creator장지영-
dc.date.accessioned2020-09-11T16:32:17Z-
dc.date.available2020-09-11T16:32:17Z-
dc.date.issued2015-
dc.identifier.otherOAK-000000116274-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dcollection.ewha.ac.kr/jsp/common/DcLoOrgPer.jsp?sItemId=000000116274en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/handle/2015.oak/255366-
dc.description.abstractMicroglia function as a key player of host defense system in the inflammatory-mediated brain disease. Microglia are classified as macrophages of the central nervous system, and they are important role for the immune surveillance and immune homeostasis. In this study, I investigated this issue in three parts and reported that microglia may have a potential regulatory role in inflammatory brain disease. I detected the distinctive activated properties of microglia in Parkinson’s disease on the first part, and therapeutic interventions that correct those abnormal state for microglia on the second part. In the final part, I sought to find out that microglia may play a functional bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses. In the first part, I detected the role of microglia in neurodegenerative disease such as Parkinson’s disease. I investigated the underlying mechanisms responsible for the harmful effects of rotenoneexposed microglia in the Parkinson’s disease. I showed that MPO, that is undetectable under normal conditions, is increased after rotenone-exposure and acts a double-edged sword in regulating inflammatory response of rotenone-exposed microglia. In the second part, I screened anti-oxidative flavonoids, responsible for MPO inhibition, to resolve this pathological condition. I found that resveratrol significantly reduced myeloperoxidase levels but did not trigger microglial over-activation and malfunction. Thus, these findings provide a new range of therapeutic applications for resveratrol as an efficient MPO modulator in disease associated with abnormal MPO levels. In the third part, I searched how microglia respond brain tumor and crosstalk with adaptive immune cells. I showed that microglial TLR2 system rapidly response to brain tumor and their MHC class I molecules are dependent on TLR2 signaling in brain tumor environment. Finally, data provide remarkable evidence that microglial TLR2-MHC I axis play a critical regulatory role in modulating innate and adaptive immunity. Altogether, microglia may represent a CNS immune response, which actively participate on microglia-neuron crosstalk or microglia-adaptive immune cell crosstalk. A better understanding of the mechanisms behind microglial role in inflammatory condition will potentially guide therapeutic interventions to improve neurological outcome after the onset of the brain disease.;소교세포 (Microglia)는 뇌와 척수에 위치한 대식세포로서 중추 신경계의 면역에서 선천 면역 세포로서 핵심적인 역할을 담당한다. 뇌 염증 반응은 감염이나 외상에 대항 하는 숙주의 방어 과정이다. 본 연구에서는 뇌 염증 반응에서 소교세포의 역할을 세 파트의 연구를 통해 제시하였다. 첫 번째 파트에서는 파킨슨 질환에서 소교세포의 비정상적인 활성화를, 두 번째 파트에서는 소교세포의 비정상적인 활성화의 치료를 탐색하였다. 마지막 파트에서는 뇌의 암 미세환경에서 소교세포에 의한 선천면역과 후천면역의 가교로서의 역할을 탐색하였다. 첫 번째 파트에서 파킨슨 질환과 같이 신경 퇴행성 질환에서 나타나는 뇌의 염증반응에서 소교세포의 역할을 탐색하였다. 본 파트에서는 파킨슨 질환의 병인 중 하나로 알려진 rotenone에 의한 소교세포의 비정상적인 활성화 기전에서 myeloperoxidase (MPO)의 연관성을 확인하였다. 소교세포에서 MPO는 원래 발현되지 않지만 rotenone에 의한 염증반응의 조절자로서 작용함을 제시하였다. 두 번째 파트에서 앞선 연구를 바탕으로 소교세포의 MPO를 억제하면서 뇌염증 환경을 완화시키는 물질을 탐색하였다, 그 결과 적포도주에 풍부한 천연물질로서 resveratrol 성분이 MPO의 발현 및 소교세포의 비정상적인 활성을 줄이는데 탁월한 효과를 나타냄을 확인함였다. 따라서 resveratrol에 의한 MPO의 조절 기전을 통해 파킨슨 질환의 치료제로서의 가능성을 제시하였다. 세 번째 파트에서 소교세포가 뇌 조직의 초기 암 미세 환경에서 어떻게 반응하고 후천 면역과 상호 반응하는지를 탐색하였다. 암 미세 환경에서 소교세포는 암세포에 대한 초기 대응에서 toll-like receptor (TLR)2를 증가시키며 염증반응이 증가되었다. 주목할 만한 것은 쥐의 뇌암모델을 통한 소교세포의 면역반응에서 TLR2와 주조직 적합 복합체 (major histocompatibility complex, MHC) class I의 발현이 의존적임을 밝혔다. 결과적으로, 소교세포는 TLR2-MHC-I 축을 통해 암 미세환경에서 선천 면역과 후천 면역의 중요한 조절자로 작용함을 제시하였다. 세 편의 파트를 종합하여, 소교세포가 염증성 뇌질환서 신경세포 또는 후천 면역세포와의 상호작용을 통해 중추 신경계의 염증반응을 조절하고 있으며 소교세포의 활성화 기전을 정확히 이해하는 것이 중추신경계 질병을 조절할 수 있는 가능성을 제시한다.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsINTRODUCTION 1 A. Microglia 1 1. Origin of Microglia 1 2. Distribution and Morphology of Microglia 2 3. Beneficial Functions of Activated Microglia 3 4. Microglial Markers 4 5. Microglia versus Myeloid Cells 5 B. Microglial Function 6 1. Phagocytosis 6 2. Antigen Presentation 10 a. MHC Class II Antigen Presentation 10 b. MHC Class I Antigen Presentation 12 c. MHC Class I Cross-presentation 14 3. Radical Production 15 a. Respiratory Burst 15 b. Nitric Oxide in the Phagosome 16 c. Mitochondrial ROS in Phagosome 17 d. Sources and Regulation of ROS/ RNS 19 4. Microglial Polarization 20 a. Spectrum of Macrophage Activation 20 b. Classically Activated Microglia 21 c. Alternatively Activated Microglia 22 5. TLR-mediated Regulation of Microglia 22 a. Toll-like Receptors 22 C. Microglia in Diseased Brain 28 1. Microglia in Parkinsons Disease 28 2. Microglia in Brain Cancers 29 D. Aims of this Study 32 Materials and Methods 33 A. Materials and Animals 33 1. Reagents 33 2. Substances 34 3. Antibodies 35 a. Primary Antibodies 35 b. Secondary Antibodies 35 c. Fluorochrome-conjugated Antibodies 36 4. Kit 37 5. Cell Culture Materials & Solutions 38 a. Media / Solutions 38 b. Media / Solutions prepared in the laboratory 38 6. Animals 39 7. Oligonucleotide 40 8. Instruments and software 42 B. Methods 43 1. Cultures 43 a. Primary Glial Cell Culture 43 b. Cell Culture 43 c. Neuron-enriched Mesencephalic Cultures 43 2. Generation of Conditioned Media 44 3. Fluorescent Labeling of Live Cells 45 4. Preparation of CD8+ T Cells for Co-culture 45 5. Phagocytosis Assay 45 6. Measurements of NO Release 45 7. Intracranial Brain Tumor Models 46 8. U87MG Preparation for Human Tumor Xenograft Models 46 9. In vitro Cross-presentation Assays 47 10. MPO Activity Assay 47 11.Immunostaining and Confocal Microscopy 47 12. Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction 48 13. Western Blot Analysis 49 14. Cell Fractionation Analysis 49 15. Cell surface and intracellular flow cytometry staining 50 16. Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Flow Cytometry 50 17. Measurement of Reactive Oxygen Species 51 18. Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay 52 19. Cell Viability Assay 52 20. Propidium Iodide staining 52 21. Measurement of Cell Death by Annexin V Staining 52 22. TH Labeling and Morphological Analysis 53 23. Data Analysis 53 RESULTS 54 A. Dual Functionality of Myeloperoxidase in Rotenone-Stimulated Microglial activation 54 1. INTRODUCTION 54 2. RESULTS 56 a. Low Concentration of Rotenone Does Not Cause Microglial Cell Death 56 b. Microglia Display Typical Activated Properties under Rotenone-Exposed Conditions 57 c. Rotenone Stimulates Myeloperoxidase Generation in Microglia 58 d. Microglia Deal with Rotenone-triggered Oxidative Stress Properly 59 e. MPO Augments Production of ROS and Inflammation-Associated Molecules 59 f. MPO Enhances Its Own Expression and Activity in Microglia 60 g. Microglia Enhance Levels of MPO through Uptaking Extracellular MPO 61 h. Blockade of MPO Activity Augments Rotenone-Induced ROS Generation and Causes Microglial Cell Death 61 i. Primary Microglial Cells from MPO-deficient Mice Exhibit Impaired Responses to Rotenone-Exposure 62 j. MPO Influences the Neuronal State, but Does Not Directly Cause Cell Death or Phenotypic Change 63 k. Rotenone-triggered Neuronal Injury was More Apparent in Co-cultures with Microglia from Mpo-/- Mice than in Those from Wild Type Mice 64 3. DICUSSION 79 B. Resveratrol Confers Protection Against Rotenone-induced Neurotoxicity by Modulating Myeloperoxidase Levels in Microglia 84 1. INTRODUCTION 84 2. RESULTS 86 a. Resveratrol Reduces Both MPO Levels and NO Production in Rotenone-exposed Microglia 86 b. Resveratrol Directly Inhibit MPO Levels and Activity in Rat Primary Microglia 87 c. Both Pretreatment and Post-treatment with Resveratrol Effectively Suppress MPO Expression 88 d. Decreased MPO Level in the Absence of Accompanying Overproduction of NO Significantly Attenuates Rotenone-triggered Inflammatory Responses in Microglia 88 e. Resveratrol Relieves Impaired Responses to Rotenone in Primary Mixed Glial Cells from Mpo-/- Mice 90 f. Rotenone-induced Neuronal Injury is Attenuated by Resveratrol in Neuron-Microglia Co-cultures, but Not in Neurons Cultured Alone 91 g. Similar Regulatory Effects of Resveratrol on MPO Levels is Observed in Microglia Treated with MPP+ 92 3. DISCUSSION 103 C. The Toll-like receptor 2 activation is essential for bridging innate and adaptive immune responses in tumor microenvironment 107 1. INTRODUCTION 107 2.. RESULTS 109 a. TLR2 is highly expressed in tumor-adjacent brain tissue 109 b. Microglial TLR2 expression is significantly upregulated by brain tumors 111 c. Tumor infiltrating microglia exhibit high level of TLR2 compared to those in contralateral normal region 112 d. TLR2 mediates tumor-dependent induction of representative proinflammatory mediators in glial cells 113 e. TLR2 is essential for tumor-triggered increase of MHC I expression in microglia 114 f. MHC II expression is independent of TLR2 115 g. Tumor-triggered increase of TLR2 and TLR2-dependent events are not observed in MyD88-/- mice 116 h. CD8+ T cell proliferation is significantly reduced in Tlr2-/- and MyD88-/- mice 117 3. DISCUSSION 135 CONCLUSION 139 BIBLIOGRAPHY 140 국문초록 161-
dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent7456441 bytes-
dc.languageeng-
dc.publisher이화여자대학교 대학원-
dc.subject.ddc600-
dc.titleStudies on the characteristics of microglia as a bridge of innate and adaptive immune responses in the inflammation-associated brain disease-
dc.typeDoctoral Thesis-
dc.format.pagexv, 162 p.-
dc.contributor.examiner이수영-
dc.contributor.examiner김재상-
dc.contributor.examiner이상진-
dc.contributor.examiner박은정-
dc.contributor.examiner이대기-
dc.identifier.thesisdegreeDoctor-
dc.identifier.major대학원 생명과학과-
dc.date.awarded2015. 8-
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