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dc.contributor.advisor김양하-
dc.contributor.author정선윤-
dc.creator정선윤-
dc.date.accessioned2019-08-13T16:33:12Z-
dc.date.available2019-08-13T16:33:12Z-
dc.date.issued2019-
dc.identifier.otherOAK-000000159129-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dcollection.ewha.ac.kr/common/orgView/000000159129en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/handle/2015.oak/251124-
dc.description.abstract뽕나무 열매 안토시아닌은 지질 개선, 염증 억제 작용을 비롯한 다양한 생물학적 활성을 갖는 것으로 보고되었다. 고압효소추출은 생리활성화합물의 추출 효율을 증가시키고, 생리활성을 보존하기 위한 새로운 추출 방법이다. 비만으로 인해 유발되는 만성 염증은 대사성질환을 야기하는 주요 원인으로 보고되고 있다. 지방조직으로 대식세포의 침투 및 대식세포 형질 전환은 비만에서 나타나는 염증을 더욱 악화시키는 원인이 된다. 골격근 미토콘드리아 기능저하는 또한 비만과 염증으로 인해 수반되는 대사 변화 중 하나이다. 따라서, 본 연구는 고압효소방법으로 추출한 뽕나무 열매 안토시아닌(MA)의 지방조직 대식세포 활성 완화를 통한 비만 유도 염증에 대한 효과 및 골격근 기능 보존에 대한 효과를 조사하기 위하여 수행되었다. 이를 위하여, 수컷, Sprague-Dawley 흰 쥐를 4 개의 군으로 나누어 각각 저지방식이(LFD, 10% kcal fat), 고지방식이(HFD, 45% kcal fat), HFD에 5 g/kg diet의 MA를 첨가한 식이(MA-L) 또는 HFD에 10 g/kg diet의 HM을 첨가한 식이(MA-H)를 14주간 급여하였다. 실험종료 후 MA-H군에서 최종 체중 및 체중증가량이 각각 7.7%, 8.4% 감소하였다. 반면 식이 섭취량과 에너지 섭취량은 통계학적으로 다르지 않았다. MA-L과 MA-H는 모두 혈청 중성지방, 총 콜레스테롤 농도를 유의적으로 감소시켰다 (p < 0.05). 또한 MA-H는 혈청 저밀도 지 단백 콜레스테롤(LDL-C)을 감소시켰으며, 반면 고밀도 지 단백 콜레스테롤(HDL-C)의 농도를 증가시켰다 (p < 0.05). MA-H를 섭취한 쥐의 후복막(retroperitoneal), 장간막(mesenteric), 부고환(epididymal) 지방을 포함하는 백색지방조직(WAT)의 무게를 낮춤으로써 비만을 억제하였다 (p < 0.05). 또한 MA-H는 지방세포의 크기를 유의적으로 감소시켰으며 (p < 0.05), MA-L과 MA-H 모두 adipocyte protein 2 (aP2), sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor-1c (SREBP-1c) 및 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(PPAR)-γ와 같은 지방 생성과 관련된 유전자의 mRNA 발현을 하향 조절되었다 (p < 0.05). 특히, MA-H는 지방조직에서 염증 신호전달에 관여하는 전사인자인 NF-κB p65의 발현 및 인산화 된 NF-κB p65의 수준이 유의적으로 감소시켰다 (p < 0.05). MA-L과 MA-H는 지방조직에서 전-염증성 사이토카인인 tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) 및 interleukin 6 (IL-6)의 mRNA 발현을 감소시켰고 (p < 0.05), MA-H는 또한 MCP1의 mRNA 발현을 유의적으로 감소시켰다 (p < 0.05). 이와 유사하게 MA-L과 MA-H는 지방조직에서 IL-6과 MCP1의 단백질 수준을 유의적으로 감소시켰으며 (p < 0.05), MA-H는 또한 TNF-α의 수준을 유의적으로 감소시켜 지방조직 염증을 완화하였다 (p < 0.05). 지방조직에서 대식세포의 마커인 F4/80에 대한 면역염색을 수행한 결과, 대식세포가 지방세포를 둘러싸서 나타나는 crown-like structure가 HFD군과는 달리 MA 급여군에서는 관찰되지 않았다. 지방조직의 F4/80 mRNA 수준은 MA-H군에서 감소하였다 (p < 0.05). 또한 MA는 inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), CD68 및 CD11c와 같은 염증성 M1 대식세포 마커의 mRNA 발현을 감소시키는 반면 (p < 0.05), 항 염증 M2 대식세포 마커인 arginase 1 (ARG1)및 CD163의 mRNA 발현을 유의하게 증가시켰다 (p < 0.05). 한편, 산화질소(NO)의 혈청 농도는 MA-L 및 MA-H군에서 유의적으로 감소하였다 (p < 0.05). 한편, 골격근에서는 MA에 의하여 adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)와 SIRT 효소 활성이 유의적으로 증가하였고 (p < 0.05), MA-H는 골격근육에서 미토콘드리아의 기능에 관여하는 유전자인 carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)-1β and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3)의 mRNA 발현을 증가시켰으며, 이들의 발현조절인자인 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC)-1α와 sirtuin 1 (Sirt1)의 mRNA 발현을 증가시켰다 (p < 0.05). MA-L과 MA-H은 골격근 mtDNA의 함량과 미토콘드리아 수 및 크기를 증가시켰다 (p < 0.05). MA가 대식세포의 염증에 나타내는 효과를 평가하기 위하여, RAW264.7 세포에 MA를 각각 0.1에서 1 μg/mL의 농도로 1시간 동안 처리한 후, 1 μg/mL의 LPS를 처리하여 24시간 동안 배양시켰다. MA는 배양 액 중 IL-6와 TNF-α의 농도를 유의적으로 감소시켜 항 염증 효능을 나타내었다 (p < 0.05). 또한 MA는 LPS 자극 RAW264.7 세포로부터의 NO 생성을 효과적으로 감소시켰고 (p < 0.05), 세포 내 iNOS 및 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2)의 발현을 유의하게 억제하였다 (p < 0.05). 종합하면, 고압효소분해로 얻은 뽕나무 열매 안토시아닌은 고지방식이섭취 흰쥐에서 지방조직의 대식세포 활성을 완화함으로써 비만으로 인한 염증을 완화하며, 골격 근육 미토콘드리아의 생합성을 개선하는 것으로 사료된다. ;Mulberry fruit anthocyanin possesses a range of biological activities such as hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory effects. High hydrostatic pressure extraction assisted by enzyme hydrolysis is a novel food processing technique used to extract bioactive compounds from plants. Obesity induces chronic low-grade inflammation through the regulation of adipose tissue macrophages infiltration and functional phenotype switching. Skeletal muscle dysfunction is one of the metabolic consequences of obesity and inflammation through the mitochondrial deregulation. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating whether mulberry fruit anthocyanin (MA) extracted by high hydrostatic pressure combined with enzymes ameliorates obesity-induced inflammation by regulating adipose tissue macrophage function and skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis. To test this hypothesis, male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 8/group) and fed either a low-fat diet (LFD, 10% kcal fat), high-fat diet (HFD, 45% kcal fat), HFD supplemented with 5 g/kg diet of MA (MA-L) or HFD supplemented with 10 g/kg diet of MA (MA-H) for 14 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the final body weight was lowered by the MA-H, as compared to the HFD group. Both, MA-L and MA-H, significantly decreased the serum levels of triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) (p < 0.05). MA-H lowered the serum level of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) while elevating the serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) level (p < 0.05). In rats supplemented with MA-H, the weights of retroperitoneal, mesenteric, and total adipose tissues were lower (p < 0.05). MA-H reduced the adipocyte size (p < 0.05). Both, MA-L and MA-H, inhibited the mRNA expression of adipocyte protein 2 (aP2), sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor (SREBP)-1c, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ in WAT (p < 0.05). In particular, MA-H significantly reduced the levels of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) p65 and phosphorylated NF-κB p65 in WAT (p < 0.05). Both MA-L and MA-H inhibited the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 in WAT (p < 0.05). MA-H inhibited the mRNA expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) (p < 0.05). Similarly, both MA-L and MA-H reduced the protein levels of IL-6 and MCP1 (p < 0.05). MA-H also lowered the TNF-α level in WAT (p < 0.05). According to the immunohistochemical staining for F4/80, crown-like structures were rarely found in the MA supplemented groups, unlike the HFD group. The mRNA expression of F4/80 in WAT was inhibited by MA-H (p < 0.05). MA inhibited the mRNA expression of M1 type macrophage markers such as CD (cluster of differentiation)11c, CD68, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), while increasing M2 type macrophage markers such as CD163 and arginase 1 (ARG1) in WAT (p < 0.05). In addition, MA lowered the serum level of nitric oxide (NO) (p < 0.05). In skeletal muscle, enzyme activities such as those of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and sirtuin (SIRT), were enhanced by the MA supplementation (p < 0.05). The mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT)-1β, uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC)-1α, and SIRT1 was higher in the skeletal muscle of the MA-H group (p < 0.05). The contents of mtDNA were higher in the MA-L and MA-H groups (p < 0.05). To investigate whether MA can directly inhibit the inflammatory response in macrophages, RAW264.7 cells were pre-treated with various concentrations (0.1 to 1 μg/mL) of MA for 1 h and then treated with 1 μg/mL of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h. In the culture medium, the concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α, and NO were lowered by the MA treatment (p < 0.05). MA significantly suppressed the mRNA expression of iNOS and mRNA and protein expressions of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) in RAW264.7 cells (p < 0.05). In conclusion, mulberry fruit anthocyanin prepared by high hydrostatic pressure combined with enzymes might have beneficial effects on inflammation via the regulation of adipose tissue macrophage function and skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis in HFD-induced obese rats.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsI. Review of Literature. 1 A. Mulberry fruit. 1 1. Bioactive compounds in mulberry fruit . 1 2. Biological activity of mulberry fruit 2 B. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) extraction. 11 C. Obesity-induced inflammation and skeletal muscle dysfunction 14 1. Obesity: definition, prevalence and comorbidities 14 2. Obesity-induced inflammation 15 3. Skeletal muscle dysfunction in obesity 20 II. Introduction. 22 III. Materials and Methods 26 A. Test material. 26 1. Preparation of mulberry fruit anthocyanin by high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) combined with enzymes 26 2. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) analysis 28 B. Animals and diets. 30 C. Biochemical analysis. 32 1. Serum metabolic parameters 32 2. Hepatic lipid analysis 32 D. Histological analysis 33 1. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining 33 2. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) 33 3. Transmission electron microscopic analysis 34 E. mRNA expression analysis. 34 1. Total RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis 34 2. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) 35 F. Protein expression and activity analysis 38 1. Total and nuclear protein extraction 38 2. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 38 3. Western blot analysis 39 4. Sirtuin (SIRT) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activities 40 G. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content analysis 40 H. In vitro macrophage cell line assays 41 1. Cell culture 41 2. Cell viability assay 41 3. Anti-inflammatory activities 42 I. Statistical analysis 45 IV. Results . 46 A. Contents of anthocyanins and flavonols 46 B. Effect of mulberry fruit anthocyanin on fat accumulation in adipocytes 49 1. Body weight, food intake, and energy intake 49 2. Lipid profiles in serum 53 3. White adipose tissue weight 55 4. Histological analysis and adipocyte size 57 5. Adipogenic gene expression 59 C. Effect of mulberry fruit anthocyanin on obesity-induced inflammation in adipose tissue 61 1. NF-κB p65 activation 61 2. Pro-inflammatory cytokines expression 63 3. IHC analysis of infiltrating macrophages 65 4. Quantification of pan-macrophages by F4/80 67 5. Analysis of M1 and M2 macrophages 69 6. Serum levels of nitric oxide (NO) 71 D. Effect of mulberry fruit anthocyanin on inflammation in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells 73 1. Cytotoxicity of the mulberry fruit anthocyanin 73 2. Secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines 75 3. iNOS and PTGS2 expression 77 E. Effect of mulberry fruit anthocyanin on skeletal muscle function 80 1. AMPK and SIRT activation 80 2. SIRT1 and PGC-1α expression 82 3. Fatty acid oxidation related gene expression 84 4. Mitochondrial DNA content 86 5. TEM analysis of skeletal muscle 88 V. Discussion 90 VI. Summary and Conclusion 100 References 103 Appendix. 116 Abstract (in Korean) 130-
dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent4944338 bytes-
dc.languageeng-
dc.publisher이화여자대학교 대학원-
dc.subject.ddc600-
dc.titleMulberry fruit anthocyanin ameliorates inflammation via regulation of adipose tissue macrophage function and skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis in high-fat diet-induced obese rats-
dc.typeDoctoral Thesis-
dc.title.translated고지방식이를 급여한 비만 흰 쥐에서 뽕나무 열매 안토시아닌의 지방조직 대식세포 기능 조절을 통한 염증 및 골격근 미토콘드리아 생합성에 대한 효과-
dc.creator.othernameSunyoon Jung-
dc.format.pageix, 132 p.-
dc.identifier.thesisdegreeDoctor-
dc.identifier.major대학원 식품영양학과-
dc.date.awarded2019. 8-
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