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dc.contributor.advisor김종준-
dc.contributor.author서희성-
dc.creator서희성-
dc.date.accessioned2016-08-26T04:08:20Z-
dc.date.available2016-08-26T04:08:20Z-
dc.date.issued2016-
dc.identifier.otherOAK-000000122513-
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/handle/2015.oak/214932-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dcollection.ewha.ac.kr/jsp/common/DcLoOrgPer.jsp?sItemId=000000122513-
dc.description.abstractThe knowledge on particulate physical properties such as particle size, particle size distribution, and morphological features of an organic pigment is certainly significant to predict the future industrial applications because it reflects the chemical primary structure and composition, and consequently the resultant color characteristics. Besides, the physical and chemical characteristics of the pigment particles are consequences of the synthesis process and, further, the dispersion states. The effects of particle size and morphology on the color of red pigment, e.g., calcium-lake azo pigment, were studied. Among the most frequently used metal azo pigment complexes, especially red azo pigments C.I. Pigment Red 57:1 was chosen, as they are known to excel in printing ink process. Various synthesis systems and salt-milling method were conducted to investigate the factors contributing to color changes of the pigment. The color features caused by particle size and size distribution, and the properties of being an agglomerate/aggregate or a separated form, were compared with the ones obtained for a standard commercial pigment. This work is involved in the importance of particle size and morphology control for high-quality color display and application of the pigment. As a first work, the effect of synthesis conditions on the particle characteristics of azo lake pigment C.I. Pigment Red 57:1 was studied. It was mainly considered that the industrially required synthesis conditions for lowering electrical conductivity of the pigment solution (suspension) keeping pigment quality such as particle size and color characteristics. Three parameters were chosen as control factors during the synthesis. The first was the amount of hydrochloric acid added to not only purify the amino compound but also transform sodium nitrite into nitrous acid. The second was the amount of calcium chloride added to insolubilize the synthesized azo dye. The final factor was pH control during the coupling reaction. The electrical conductivity and aggregate particle size were dependent on the amount of chemical used. Higher HCl concentration gave brighter yellowish-red color because of smaller aggregate particle size and narrower particle size distribution. Amount of charged ions in the synthesis process might affect the ‘lake’ formation resulting different particle aggregate size and color shade. As a second work, the effect of the salt-milling process on the crystal particle size, morphology, and color properties of C.I. Pigment Red 57:1 was studied. The size and morphology of primary particles and the secondary aggregation features should be considered because they are very important to determine pigment quality. The primary morphology of pigment particles before drying was compared with the secondary aggregated morphology of pigment particles after drying and salt milling process. Morphological properties were investigated by particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy and, color measurement was carried out. Significant reduction in particle size as well as increased crystallite size after salt milling process was observed. This result might give a difference in color of the pigment, turning into brighter and more blue-toned red. It was revealed that synthesis condition affects the morphology and color of the pigment even after milling. Increase in HCl concentration in the synthesis process enhanced crystal quality forming bluer-red pigments but an increase in CaCl2 concentration resulted in more amorphous or less crystallized particles forming darker-red pigments after salt milling. As a third work, application of the pigment inks containing C.I. Pigment Red 57:1 in fabric printing was studied. The printing quality and color performance of the inks containing salt-milled pigment particles were investigated in comparison to those of the inks containing the standard pigment particles without salt milling. Various pigment inks that comprise particles of different sizes and morphology were manufactured. The inks with added binder, thickener, and cross-linker combination was used for pigment printing on fabrics such as cotton, silk, polyester. This study is aimed at investigating the influence of particle/crystal size and morphology of pigment particles on ink properties and color and fastness characteristics of the printed fabrics. Because of the reduction in particle size and improvements in particle dispersion and crystal quality, salt-milled samples resulted in more excellent fastness and strength of the colors. The deaggregation of particles in salt-milling system caused the printed fabrics to be soft, as well as brighter and bluer. Especially with an increase in HCl concentration, the pigment particles after salt milling, enhanced the blueness and whiteness in addition to the fastness of the red printed cotton, silk and polyester.;본 연구논문은 칼슘 아조 복합 안료인, CI. 피그먼트 레드 57:1의 특성에 대한 연구로써, 합성조건과 솔트밀링 공정이 안료 입자의 크기, 형태, 및 색상 특성에 미치는 영향에 대하여 연구하였다. 첫 번째 연구로, 입자 크기 및 색상 특성과 같은 안료의 품질을 유지하면서 안료잉크의 전기전도도를 낮추는 산업적 합성의 필요조건을 고려하여 선정하였다. 세 가지 변수를 합성 시 제어 인자로 선정하였다. 첫째로는 아질산나트륨이 아질산으로 변형되는데 필요한 염산의 양을 조절하였다. 둘째는 합성 아조 염료의 불용화 단계에 첨가되는 염화 칼슘 량을 조절하였다. 최종 요소는 커플링 반응 시에 pH를 조절 하였다. 전기전도도와 안료의 응집입자 크기는 염산 및 염화 칼슘의 양에 의존하였다. 높은 염산 농도는 작은 입자응집의 크기와 좁은 크기 분포에 영향을 주어 밝은 황적색을 발현시켰다. 합성 과정에서 하전 된 이온의 양이 안료 ‘lake’ 의 형성에 영향을 주어 결과적으로 입자 응집의 크기와 색상에 변화를 주는 요인으로 작용한 것을 알 수 있었다. 두 번째 연구로, 안료 입자의 결정 크기, 형태, 및 색 특성에 미치는 솔트밀링 공정의 효과를 연구하였다. 합성 후 안료의 원시적 인 형태와 색상 속성은 본 논문의 첫 번째 연구에서 다루었으나, 1차 입자의 크기와 형태 및 2차 응집특성은 안료 품질을 결정하는 매우 중요하기 역할을 하기때문에 고려해야 한다. 건조 및 염 밀링 처리 후의 안료 입자의 2차 응집 된 형태와 건조 전에 안료 입자의 1차적 기본 형태를 비교 하였다. 형태학적 특성은 입도 분석, X 선 회절법 및 주사형 전자 현미경에 의해 조사 하였으며, 그로 인한 색 측정을 하였다. 솔트밀링 처리 후 입경이 상당히 감소할 뿐만 아니라 개선 된 결정 크기가 관찰되었다. 이 결과는 안료의 색에 변화를 주어, 더 밝고 블루 톤의 레드 컬러로 전환된 색을 얻을 수 있었다. 또한 합성 조건 역시 분쇄 후 안료의 형태 및 색상에 영향을 주는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 합성 공정 중의 HCl 농도 증가가 향상된 결정 크기 및 품질에 영향을 주어, 블루 톤의 적색 안료를 형성하는 것이 관찰되었다. 반면 CaCl2 농도의 증가는 솔트밀링 후 짙은 적색 안료를 형성하는 더 무정형 결정 결과를 가져왔다. 세 번째 연구로, 다양한 조건으로 합성한 안료에 솔트밀링법을 도입하여 안료잉크를 개발하고 섬유에 프린팅공정을 적용하여 응용 가능성과 효과를 밝히고자 하였다. 솔트밀링하지 않은 안료의 사용으로 칙칙하고 어두운 적색을 얻었다. 반면 솔트밀링 공정을 통해 작게 분산된 안료을 적용하였을 경우 밝고 선명한 블루톤의 적색을 얻을 수 있었다. 색상 발현 특성 및 견뢰도에 솔트밀링 공정이 미치는 우수한 효과는 보다 분명하게 드러났다. 이것은 솔트밀링 처리로 인한 입자응집 크기의 감소, 분산도 향상 및 1차입자의 결정크기 성장이 원인으로 작용하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 또한 합성공정 단계에서 염산과 염화칼슘 량이 조절된 안료를 솔트밀링 처리 후 안료잉크화 하여 프린팅 하였을 때 색상 전환을 일으켰다. 이러한 결과는 합성조건이 안료 입자의 응집크기 및 형태, 1차입자의 크기 및 형태, 그리고 입자의 결정 크기 및 품질에 영향을 주었기 때문에 색상 전환의 결정적 요인으로 작용한 결과임이 밝혀졌다. 본 연구논문은 안료잉크 개발에 적합한 최적 안료 합성조건 연구에 이어 조건별 합성된 안료에 대한 솔트 밀링에 따른 입도, 색상변화 등을 고찰한 연구논문으로 안료잉크 개발에 있어 가장 중요한 안료 합성 및 밀링조건을 연구 한 것에 의미가 있다. 프린팅용 잉크개발에 필요한 최적의 조건을 가지는 안료 합성을 고찰함으로써 안료잉크 개발과 응용에 중요한 결과로 활용이 되기를 기대한다.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsCHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 I. Introduction 2 A. Motivation 2 B. Aims and Objectives 3 C. Scope of the Study 7 II. Thesis Organization 8 A. Study Ⅰ. Synthesis and Particle Formation 9 B. Study Ⅱ. Pigment Dispersion Process for Application 11 C. Study Ⅲ. Application on Fabrics 13 CHAPTER 2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 15 I. Literature Review 16 A. Ca-lake Azo Pigment (C.I. Pigment Red 57:1) 16 1. Characteristics of C.I. Pigment Red 57:1 16 2. Structural Features and Formation Mechanism 22 3. Synthesis Process and Reaction Mechanism 33 4. Application Fields 37 5. Patent Analysis 40 B. Pigmentation by Salt Milling Process 43 1. Primary Particle, Aggregation and Agglomeration 43 2. Particle Formation and Growth by Crystallization 49 3. Pigmentation of Pigment and Salt Milling Method 56 4. Patent Analysis 63 II. Color Expression Principle 71 CHAPTER 3. EXPERIMENTAL 73 Study I. Synthesis and Particle Formation 74 A. Synthesis of C.I. Pigment Red 57:1 74 B. Identification of Synthesized Pigment 77 C. Measurements of Pigment Particle Properties 79 1. Electrical Conductivities 79 2. Particle Size Analysis 79 3. Scanning Electron Microscopy 80 4. Colorimetric Characteristics 80 Study Ⅱ. Pigment Dispersion Process for Application 83 A. Preparation of Pigment Samples of PR.57:1 83 B. Process of Salt Milling 84 C. Measurements of Pigment Crystal Properties 85 1. Particle Size Analysis 85 2. X-ray Diffraction 85 3. Scanning Electron Microscopy 85 4. Colorimetric Characteristics 86 Study Ⅲ. Application on Fabrics 87 A. Fabric Materials 87 B. Preparation of Pigment Printing Pastes 88 C. Process of Pigment Printing 90 D. Measurements of Fabric Color Properties 91 1. Colorimetric Values of Pigment Printed Fabrics 91 2. Color Strength of Pigment Printed Fabrics 91 3. Color Fastness Properties of Pigment Printed Fabrics 91 CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 92 StudyⅠ. Effect of Synthesis Conditions on Electrical Conductivity, Particle Aggregate Size and Color Characteristics of C.I. Pigment Red 57:1 93 A. Electrical Conductivity 93 1. Effect of HCl and CaCl2 Concentrations 94 2. Effect of pH Condition 97 B. Particle Aggregate Size 100 1. Effect of HCl and CaCl2 Concentrations 102 2. Effect of pH Condition 109 C. Colorimetric Characteristics 121 1. Effect of HCl, CaCl2 Concentrations and pH Condition 123 2. Effect of Particle Aggregate Size on Pigment Color 131 Study Ⅱ. Effect of Salt-milling Process on Particle Crystal Size, Morphology, and Color Characteristics of C.I. Pigment Red 57:1 140 A. Pigment Particle Size and Morphology 140 1. Effect of Salt Milling Process 140 2. Effect of Synthesis Conditions after Salt Milling 144 B. Pigment Crystallite Size and Crystal Morphology 150 1. Effect of Salt Milling Process 151 2. Effect of Synthesis Conditions after Salt Milling 163 C. Scanning Electron Micrographs 174 1. Effect of Salt Milling Process 174 2. Effect of Synthesis Conditions after Salt Milling 178 D. Colorimetric Characteristics 181 1. Effect of Salt Milling Process 184 2. Effect of Synthesis Conditions after Salt Milling 187 3. Possible Mechanism of Pigment Color Transition by Salt-milling 192 Study Ⅲ. Application of C.I. Pigment Red 57:1 for Pigment Printing on Fabrics 195 A. Colorimetric Values of Pigment Printed Fabrics 195 B. Color Strength of Pigment Printed Fabrics 198 C. Color Fastness Properties of Pigment Printed Fabrics 202 CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY 207 I. Conclusion 208 II. Summary 211 BIBLIOGRAPHY 213 논 문 개 요 234 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 237-
dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent11295233 bytes-
dc.languageeng-
dc.publisher이화여자대학교 대학원-
dc.subject.ddc600-
dc.titleStudy on Particle size, Morphology, and Color Characteristics of Ca-lake Azo Pigment-
dc.typeDoctoral Thesis-
dc.title.subtitleEffect of Synthesis Conditions and Salt Milling Process-
dc.title.translatedCa-lake azo pigment의 입자 크기, 형태, 및 칼라 특성에 대한 연구 : 합성 조건과 솔트밀링 공정의 영향-
dc.format.pagexiv, 239 p.-
dc.description.localremark박052-
dc.contributor.examiner고준석-
dc.contributor.examiner박민정-
dc.contributor.examiner이세희-
dc.contributor.examiner이인숙-
dc.identifier.thesisdegreeDoctor-
dc.identifier.major대학원 의류직물학과-
dc.date.awarded2016. 2-
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