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dc.contributor.advisor김용표-
dc.contributor.author최나래-
dc.creator최나래-
dc.date.accessioned2016-08-26T04:08:59Z-
dc.date.available2016-08-26T04:08:59Z-
dc.date.issued2016-
dc.identifier.otherOAK-000000122512-
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/handle/2015.oak/214722-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dcollection.ewha.ac.kr/jsp/common/DcLoOrgPer.jsp?sItemId=000000122512-
dc.description.abstractTo understand the chemical composition of organic aerosols over Seoul, seventy three individual organic compounds in the atmospheric particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to a nominal 10 μm (PM10) over Seoul were identified and quantified from April 2010 to April 2011 using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). These organic compounds were classified into five groups, n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), mono-carboxylic acids, di-carboxylic acids (DCAs), and sugars based on their chemical structures and properties. Through qualitative data analysis using seasonal concentration variations and relevant diagnostic parameters, it was found that (1) anthropogenic sources such as combustion of fossil fuel and biomass burning attributed more to the formation of the organic aerosols than biogenic sources, and (2) the ambient level of n-alkanes, PAHs, and some compounds of DCAs and sugars was elevated in winter due to the increased primary emissions and larger transport from outside of the organic compounds than summer. In order to identify organic compounds containing nitrogen in the atmosphere, analytical method of nitrosamines in the complex matrix (water insoluble cream type cosmetics) was developed. It was found that the head space-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was suitable for extraction, clean up, and pre-concentration of nitrosamines in the cream type samples so its optimal conditions were investigated. Identification and quantification of n-nitrosamines using single quadrupole gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in chemical ionization (CI) mode were carried out with accurate mass measurements. Their accurate masses of protonated molecular ions were obtained within 10 mDa of the theoretical masses when sufficiently high signal was acquired from the unique calibration method using mass and isotope accuracy. Five nitrosamine compounds in the atmosphere over Seoul were identified and quantified. It was found that (1) among five nitrosamines quantified, the highest average concentration species was NDBA (0.70 ng/m3) followed by NPYR (0.62 ng/m3), (2) there were distinctive seasonal and diurnal patterns; 0.99±0.41 ng/m3 (summer) and 2.79±1.41 ng/m3 (winter); 1.57±1.04 ng/m3 (day time) and 1.71±1.44 ng/m3 (night time), (3) the mass ratios of nitrosamines concentration to PM10 mass concentration was higher when haze event did not occur than in haze event, and (4) the concentration of nitrosamines were statistically significantly correlated to the meteorological parameters such as temperature and pressure and primary air pollutants such as SO2, NO2, O3, PAHs and EC (elemental carbon) but not correlated to the secondary air pollutants. Thus, it was suggested that there might be emission sources of nitrosamines in Seoul during the sampling period. Keywords: nitrosamines; carcinogens in the atmosphere; organic aerosol; HS-SPME; GC/MS; Seoul;총 73종 유기화합물을 서울에서 2010년 4월부터 2011년 4월까지 채취된 미세먼지에서 가스크로마토그래피/질량분석기를 사용하여 분석하였다. 이들 유기화합물은 화학 구조와 특성에 따라 n-alkanes, PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), mono-carboxylic acids, DCAs (di-carboxylic acids), sugars로 나뉘어서 분석되었다. 분석된 유기화합물의 계절 변동 특성 및 진단 요소를 적용하여 Qualitative data analysis 한 결과, (1) 화석연료의 연소와 biomass burning 등과 같은 인위적 요인이 대기 중 유기화합물 형성에 더 큰 영향을 미치고, (2) n-alkanes, PAHs, 그리고 DCAs에 속하는 몇몇 유기화합물들은 겨울철에 증가한 1차 배출원의 영향과 장거리 이동에 의해 서울 대기 중으로 유입되어 겨울철에 높은 농도 특성을 보였다. 대기 중 질소를 포함한 유기화합물을 분석하기 위해 불 수용성 화장품 내에서의 니트로사민 분석법이 정립되었다. 화장품 내에서의 니트로사민 추출, 정제 및 농축을 위해서는 head space-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME)이 적합하다는 결론을 내었고, 이에 따라 HS-SPME법의 최적 조건이 연구되었다. 가스 크로마토그래피와 질량분석기 (화학적 이온화 방법)를 이용하여 화장품 내에서의 니트로사민이 정성 및 정량 분석되었다. 또 질량 및 동위원소 비 정확도를 이용한 정성분석에서는 10 mDa 이내의 질량 정확도 및 95%이상의 동위원소 비 정확도내에서 화장품 내에서의 니트로사민 정성되었다. 화장품 내에서의 니트로사민 분석법을 적용하여 서울 대기에서 채취한 미세먼지 시료에서 총 5종의 니트로사민이 정성 및 정량 분석되었다. 그 결과, (1) 정성 분석된 총 5종의 니트로사민 중, NPYR (0.62 ng/m3)이 가장 높은 농도를 보였고, (2) 뚜렷한 계절 및 주야간 변동 특성을 보였으며; 0.99±0.41 ng/m3 (여름) and 2.79±1.41 ng/m3 (겨울); 1.57±1.04 ng/m3 (낮) and 1.71±1.44 ng/m3 (밤), (3) PM10 질량 농도에 대한 니트로사민 농도 질량비는 연무가 없었을 시에 연무가 있었을 시 보다 높았다. 또한 (4) 2차 반응 생성 대기 오염물질과는 상관관계가 없었지만, 온도와 압력, 그리고 1차 배출 대기 오염물질인 SO2, NO2, O3, PAHs and EC (elemental carbon)과 상당한 상관관계를 보였다. 이를 통해 볼 때, 서울에 니트로사민의 1차 배출원이 존재할 가능성이 있다. 키워드: 니트로사민; 대기 중 발암물질; 유기 에어로졸; HS-SPME; 가스 크로마토그래피/질량분석기, 서울-
dc.description.tableofcontentsChapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Motivation 1 1.2. Research Objectives 2 Chapter 2. Speciation and Source Identification of Organic Compounds in PM10 over Seoul 3 2.1. Introduction 3 2.2. Materials and Methods 5 2.2.1. Sampling 5 2.2.2. Analytical Procedures 8 2.2.3. Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) 10 2.3. Results and Discussion 11 2.3.1. n-Alkanes 12 2.3.2. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 24 2.3.3. Mono-carboxylic Acids 28 2.3.4. Di-carboxylic Acids (DCAs) 33 2.3.5. Sugars 36 2.3.6. Estimation of Major Sources of the Organic Compounds 39 Chapter 3. Identification and Quantification of Seven Volatile n-Nitrosamines in Complex Matrix Using Gas Chromatography/Chemical Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Coupled with Head Space-Solid Phase Microextraction 40 3.1. Introduction 40 3.2. Experimental 44 3.2.1. Chemicals and Reagents 44 3.2.2. Preparation of Samples 47 3.2.3. GC/MS Analysis 48 3.2.4. Identification of n-nitrosamines by Accurate Mass and Isotope Pattern Accuracy 50 3.2.5. Method Validation Procedure 50 3.3. Results and Discussion 51 3.3.1. Optimization of HS-SPME 51 3.3.2. Identification of n-nitrosamines by Mass and Isotope Pattern Accuracy 55 3.3.3. Method Validation 62 Chapter 4. Identification of Nitrosamines in the Atmosphere over Seoul 65 4.1. Introduction 65 4.2. Experimental 68 4.2.1. Sampling 68 4.2.2. Chemicals and Reagents 72 4.2.3. Analytical Procedure 72 4.3. Results and Discussion 74 4.3.1. Seasonal and Diurnal Patterns 74 4.3.2. Impact of Haze Event 77 4.3.3. Correlations of Nitrosamines with Meteorological Parameters and Other Air Pollutants 79 Chapter 5. Conclusions 83 REFERENCES 86 ABSTRACT (KOREAN) 99-
dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent1519543 bytes-
dc.languageeng-
dc.publisher이화여자대학교 대학원-
dc.subject.ddc600-
dc.titleOrganic Compounds in the Ambient Aerosols over Seoul-
dc.typeMaster's Thesis-
dc.title.subtitleIdentification and Quantification of Nitrosamines-
dc.format.pagex, 100 p.-
dc.description.localremark석0243-
dc.contributor.examiner손아정-
dc.contributor.examiner안윤경-
dc.contributor.examiner김용표-
dc.identifier.thesisdegreeMaster-
dc.identifier.major대학원 환경공학과-
dc.date.awarded2016. 2-
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