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dc.contributor.advisor장이권-
dc.contributor.author이영주-
dc.creator이영주-
dc.date.accessioned2016-08-26T04:08:10Z-
dc.date.available2016-08-26T04:08:10Z-
dc.date.issued2016-
dc.identifier.otherOAK-000000121778-
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/handle/2015.oak/214231-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dcollection.ewha.ac.kr/jsp/common/DcLoOrgPer.jsp?sItemId=000000121778-
dc.description.abstractMany animals respond to the cues that indicate the death of conspecific and heterospecific animals by escaping from the cues. One exception is the Common raven (Corvus corax) and they were reported to associate such cues (gunshots) with foraging chances (carcasses) and to gather towards such frightening stimuli. As the birds belong to the crow family (Corvidae) are well known for their intelligence, I investigated how wintering flocks of two corvid species, the Eurasian magpie (Pica pica) and the Large-billed crow (Corvus macrorhynchos), react to frightening stimuli that are followed by food provision. It was predicted that fewer individuals would gather to the food items and/or it would take longer for them to gather right after the frightening stimuli were given, but with repeated exposure of frightening stimuli the birds would become habituated and the response of the flocks to the food items would be restored to the initial state (i.e. before the frightening stimuli were given). As these two corvids are often found together and form mixed species flocks, it was also predicted that the responses of the two species to the frightening stimuli would be related to each other. The study was conducted in three semi-urban sites where the corvids formed wintering flocks: Seoul National University campus (‘SNU’), Seoul Zoo (‘Zoo’), and Seoul Forest (‘Forest’). The study period was divided into two phases: Phase 1 corresponds to the familiarization period of the corvids to the experimental settings so that they gather easily the food item; in Phase 2, the frightening stimuli were provided and followed by the provision of food item that the birds were familiarized in Phase 1. For the frightening stimuli, the experimenter holding hanged corpses of magpies or crows walked around the study sites for approximately 5 minutes. At that moment, to a minimum of 7 corvids were exposed to the stimuli every experimental day of Phase 2. The following variables were extracted from the videos recorded more than 50 m away from the feeding locations; elapsed time from the feeding or the provision of the frightening stimuli to the arrival of the first individual or to the gathering of the maximum number of corvids, and the maximum number of corvids gathered at the site. The responses of crows and magpies to the frightening stimuli fluctuated with time and differed between species and among sites. However, the responses of two corvid species tended to follow the predictions; the gathering time to the food item increased and the number of individuals gathered to the food item decreased after the start of Phase 2 and with repeated exposure of frightening stimuli their responses tended to restore to the initial condition. Interestingly, the increase in the gathering time to the food item or the decrease in the number of individuals gathered to the food item was not immediate. Gathering time to the food item of the magpies coexisting with the crows (at the SNU and Zoo), were significantly shorter than that of the magpies that do not coexist with crows (at the Forest). When they coexist, the magpies were faster to gather to the food item than the crows. In general, there were complex correlations in responses of the coexisting crows and magpies. Although the wintering flocks of magpies and crows tended to show the patterns of first frightened and then habituated, the fluctuations in the gathering time and the number gathered to the food item suggest two mutually non-exclusive possibilities. First, the responses of birds might have been additionally influenced by the factors that were not monitored in this study, such as temporal changes in the abundance of other food resources or other threatening events that might have increased the vigilance of corvids. Second, the frightening stimuli that were provided in this study might not have been perceived as sufficiently frightening to induce immediate and steady responses of birds. Delayed responses might be due to unstable membership of the wintering flocks of corvids. It was indicated that the responses of corvids were determined by the social environment that includes heterospecifics as well as conspecifics. Especially, the fact that magpies gathered faster than crows indicates the presence of interspecific dominance influencing the responses to the frightening stimuli of the two corvid species. To examine the patterns of responses to the frightening stimuli more precisely, it may be helpful to conduct similar research with captive individuals since this would allow monitoring the responses of birds to frightening stimuli under more controlled settings with stable membership of the flocks.;동물들은 동종 및 타종의 사체를 포함한 다양한 단서를 이용하여 잠재적 위험을 인지하고 이를 피하는데, 큰까마귀(raven)는 일반적 경우와 달리 총소리 같은 위험 단서에 먹이가 따라올 경우 양자를 연관시킬 수 있으며 오히려 그 단서(총소리) 방향으로 모여든다는 바가 보고되어 있다. 본 연구는 인지능력이 뛰어나기로 알려진 까마귀과 조류인 까치(Pica pica)와 큰부리까마귀(Corvus macrorhynchos) 의 겨울 무리가 공포자극(frightening stimuli)이 주어졌을 때 어떻게 반응하는지에 대해 알아보았다. 이들에게 공포자극이 주어지면 바로 먹이에 모여드는데 걸리는 시간은 늘어나고, 모이는 개체수는 줄어들 것이며, 공포자극이 반복적으로 주어지는 과정에서 점차 습관화가 진행되어 이들의 반응이 초기 상태로 회복될 것이라고 예상하였다. 또한 까치와 까마귀가 이종개체군을 형성하는 것이 자주 관찰되므로, 공포자극에 대한 두 종의 반응이 서로 연관되어 있을 것이라 예상하였다. 실험은 서울대학교 캠퍼스, 서울동물원, 서울숲에서 겨울 동안 이루어졌으며, 그 기간은 Phase 1과 Phase 2로 나뉘어서 진행되었다. Phase 1은 까치와 까마귀가 주어진 실험 상황에 익숙해지도록 하는 단계로 먹이만 공급되었고, Phase 2에는 공포자극이 먹이와 함께 주어졌다. 공포자극으로는 실험자가 까치와 까마귀의 사체를 매달고 각 실험 장소에서 먹이 주변을 배회하는 방식이 쓰였다. 실험 동안 기록되는 영상으로부터, 먹이 또는 공포자극이 주어진 후 첫 개체가 실험 장소에 도착하기까지 걸린 시간, 최대개체수가 모이기까지 걸린 시간, 그 때의 최대개체수 등이 이들의 반응 요소로써 추출되었다. 그 결과, 공포자극에 대한 까치와 까마귀의 반응은 변동이 상당히 있었고 종별 또는 실험 장소별로도 다르게 나타났으나, 전체적으로 앞서 예측했던 바와 같이 시간과 개체수가 증감한 후 점차 초기 상태로 회복되는 양상을 보였다. 다만 Phase 2의 시작 이후 반응의 변화가 모든 경우에서 즉각적이지는 않았다. 같은 장소에 존재하는 까치와 까마귀의 반응을 비교하면, 까치가 모여드는 데 걸리는 시간이 까마귀보다 유의미하게 적은 것을 볼 수 있었다. 그리고 함께 존재하는 까치와 까마귀의 반응 사이에는 전반적으로 복잡한 상관관계가 있는 것으로 드러났다. 앞서 까치와 까마귀가 모여드는 시간과 개체수에 있어서 드러난 변동 양상은 상호배타적이지 않은 두 가지 가능성을 시사한다. 첫째, 연구 과정에서 탐지되지 않았던 다른 요소들(다른 먹이 자원의 풍부도 변화 또는 다른 위협적 사건의 발생 등)에 의해 추가적으로 영향을 받았을 수 있다. 둘째, 이 연구에서 사용된 공포 자극이 해당 새들에게 있어서 즉각적이고 지속적 반응을 일으킬 만큼 충분히 위협적이지 않았을 수 있다. 한편 반응이 즉각적이지 않았던 경우는, 이들의 겨울 무리 구성원이 일정하지 않기 때문일 수 있다. 까마귀와 같은 장소에 존재하는 까치가 까마귀보다 빠르게 모여든다는 결과는, 공포자극에 대한 이들의 반응이 동종 및 타종을 포함한 사회적 환경에 의해 좌우됨을 시사한다. 이러한 공포자극에 대한 반응에 대해 좀 더 명확히 알아보기 위해서는, 포획된 개체들을 이용하여 일정한 구성원으로 이루어진 무리와 잘 통제된 환경 속에서 연구를 진행하는 것이 필요할 것이다.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsList of Tables ································································································· ⅲ List of Figures ··································································································· ⅳ Abstract ·············································································································· ⅴ Ⅰ. Introduction ································································································· 1 Ⅱ. Methods ······································································································ 3 A. Field site and study species ······································································· 3 B. Feeding and frightening ·········································································· 4 C. Data collection ························································································ 5 D. Analysis ·································································································· 6 Ⅲ. Results ········································································································ 8 A. Effects of frightening stimuli ·································································· 8 B. Patterns in the assembly ·········································································· 9 1. Changes in the assembly of corvids ·················································· 9 2. Syntopic and non-syntopic corvids ··················································· 10 C. Interspecific correlation ·········································································· 11 1. Correlations between coexisting corvid species ······························· 11 a. SNU ··························································································· 11 b. Zoo ····························································································· 13 2. Factor analysis and correlation analysis using factor score ·············· 13 Ⅳ. Discussion ··································································································· 15 References ··········································································································· 32 Appendix ············································································································· 35 Appendix 1. Spearman’s partial rank correlation matrix between crows and magpies ········································································································· 35 국문초록 ············································································································· 37-
dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent2752622 bytes-
dc.languageeng-
dc.publisher이화여자대학교 대학원-
dc.subject.ddc300-
dc.titleResponses of the Eurasian magpie (Pica pica ) and the Large-billed crow (Corvus macrorhynchos ) to frightening stimuli-
dc.typeMaster's Thesis-
dc.format.pagevii, 43 p.-
dc.description.localremark석0218-
dc.contributor.examiner장이권-
dc.contributor.examiner김유섭-
dc.contributor.examiner이상임-
dc.identifier.thesisdegreeMaster-
dc.identifier.major대학원 에코크리에이티브협동과정-
dc.date.awarded2016. 2-
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