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dc.contributor.advisor김희선-
dc.contributor.author정지선-
dc.creator정지선-
dc.date.accessioned2016-08-26T04:08:26Z-
dc.date.available2016-08-26T04:08:26Z-
dc.date.issued2015-
dc.identifier.otherOAK-000000116047-
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/handle/2015.oak/213189-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dcollection.ewha.ac.kr/jsp/common/DcLoOrgPer.jsp?sItemId=000000116047-
dc.description.abstractCeramide is a major molecule among the sphingolipid metabolites which are produced in the brain and other organs and act as intracellular second messengers. Several physiological roles of ceramide have been reported in the periphery and central nervous systems (CNS), the role of ceramide in glial and glioma cells has not been clearly demonstrated. My Ph. D thesis research focused on the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant effects of short chain ceramide such as C2 ceramide in brain glial cells and inhibitory effect on glioma invasiveness. In the first part of the thesis, the research focused on the effects of exogenous cell permeable short chain ceramides on microglial activation in vitro and in vivo. The study showed that C2, C6, C8 ceramide and C8 ceramide-1-phosphate inhibited iNOS and proinflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells and rat primary microglia. Administration of C2 ceramide suppressed microglial activation in LPS-induced sepsis mouse brain. In addition, upregulation of intracellular ceramide level by bacterial sphingomyelinase (bSMase) led to attenuation of microglial activation, whereas the inhibition of ceramide biosynthesis by pharmacological inhibitors or SMase siRNA aggravated microglial activation, suggesting the anti-inflammatory role of endogenous ceramides. Further mechanistic studies revealed that C2 ceramide exerts anti-inflammatory effects via inhibition of ROS, MAPKs, PI3K/Akt, Jak/STAT pathways with upregulation of PKA and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) expressions. Of interest, I found that C2 ceramide inhibits TLR4 signaling by interfering LPS and TLR4 interaction as demonstrated by flow cytometry analysis. In the second part, the research focused on the antioxidant effects of C2 ceramide in rat brain astrocytes. C2 ceramide inhibited hydrogen peroxide-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and subsequent cell death in rat primary astrocytes. C2 ceramide increased the expression of phase II antioxidant enzymes, such as HO-1, NAD(P)H:quinine oxidoreductase 1(NQO1), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. C2 ceramide enhanced HO-1 and NQO1 gene transcription in an antioxidant response element (ARE)-dependent manner. Further mechanistic studies underlying C2 ceramide-induced HO-1 expression revelaed that C2 ceramide increased the nuclear translocation and DNA binding of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and cJun that are involved in modulation of HO-1 expression. C2 ceramide increased the phosphorylation of AMPK and MAPKs. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of MAPKs or AMPK by its specific inhibitors suppressed HO-1 expression via inhibition of Nrf2/ARE axis. This data suggest that, C2 ceramide increase HO-1 expression by modulating AMPK and MAPKs. However, there was no crosstalk between AMPK and MAPKs, because MAPKs inhibitors did not affect phosphorylation of AMPK and vice versa. In the third part, I investigated that focused on the effects of C2 ceramide on glioma invasion and MMPs gene expression. I found that C2 ceramide inhibited the expression of MMP-1, -3, and -9 at mRNA and protein level in PMA-stimulated U87MG and CRT-MG human astroglioma cell lines. In addition, C2 ceramide inhibited the enzymatic activities of MMP-1, -3, and -9 as shown by ELISA and zymography analyses. The matrigel-invasion assay showed that C2 ceramide suppresses the in vitro invasiveness of glioma cells, which appears to be correlated with a strong inhibition of MMPs by C2 ceramide. Subsequent mechanistic studies revealed that C2 ceramide inhibits PMA-induced MAPKs phosphorylation and NF-κB/AP-1 DNA binding activities. Furthermore, C2 ceramide significantly inhibited PMA-induced ROS production and NOX4 expression. Treatment of NADPH oxidase inhibitor (DPI) reproduced the inhibitory effects of C2 ceramide on the promoter activities of MMPs, NF-κB/AP-1 reporter gene activities and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, suggesting that ROS-p38 MAPK signaling axis plays an important role as an upstream modulator of MMP gene expression. Collectively, the present study demonstrated that C2 ceramide inhibits MMP gene expression and glioma invasion/migration by modulating ROS and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Therefore, our data collectively suggest preventive therapeutic potential of C2 ceramide for neurodegenerative disease as well as brain tumor.;세라마이드는 스핑고리피드 대사의 주요물질로서 뇌뿐만 아니라 다른 조직에서도 생성되며, 세포 내 신호물질로 활동하게 된다. 최근 연구동향에서 지질의 기능연구가 활발하게 이루어지고 있고, 세라마이드의 말초신경계나 중추신경계에서의 역할에 대한 연구가 선재된 반면 뇌신경교세포에서의 연구는 아직 밝혀지지 않았기에, 본 연구에서는 뇌신경교세포에서의 항염증 효과와 성상세포에서의 항산화 효과뿐 만 아니라 신경교종세포에서의 항암효과에 걸친 C2 ceramide의 뇌신경교세포에서의 전반적인 예방적 치료효과에 대해 규명하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 첫번째 PART에서는, LPS에 의해 활성화된 BV2 소교세포주와 랫트 일차 배양 소교세포에서 유도되는 iNOS 및 염증성 사이토카인의 발현에 대해 C2, C6, C8 ceramide 및 C8-C1P의 억제 효과를 확인하였다. LPS를 투여한 염증성 마우스 모델에서 보여지는 뇌소교세포의 활성화 또한 C2 ceramide 에 의해 억제 되었다. 일차적으로 처리하는 외생 C2 ceramide 뿐만 아니라, 세포 내에서 생성되는 내생 세라마이드의 역할을 보고자, 내생 세라마이드의 생성을 유도하는 bSMase 처리로 인해 뇌소교세포의 활성화를 억제하고, 내생 세라마이드 합성에 대한 SMase의 억제제 처리와 SMase siRNA의 트랜스펙션 조건에서는 뇌소교세포의 활성화가 유도되는 것을 확인함으로써, 내생 세라마이드의 항염증효과도 확인하였다. 보다 상세한 기전연구를 통해서, C2 ceramide에 의한 ROS, MAPKs, PI3K/Akt, Jak/STAT 신호 억제효과와 HO-1/PKA 신호의 상승효과를 확인하였다. 또한 FACS 분석을 통해 LPS와 TLR4 수용체의 결합이 C2 ceramide에 의해 방해되는 것을 확인하였다. 위의 결과들을 통해 C2 ceramide의 뇌소교세포의 활성화 억제와 관련된 항염증 메카니즘을 규명하였다. 본 연구의 두번째 PART는, 일차 배양 성상세포에서 C2 ceramide의 항산화 효과 및 기전에 대해 연구하였다. C2 ceramide는 H2O2에 의해 유도된 활성산소 생성을 억제함과 동시에 세포사를 억제함으로써 C2 ceramide의 항산화 및 세포보호 효과를 예측할 수 있었다. 성상세포에 C2 ceramide 처리시 HO-1, NQO1, SOD, catalase 등의 항산화효소의 발현이 유의성있게 증가하였다. 다음으로 이러한 항산화 효소 발현증가를 매개하는 분자적 기전을 살펴보았다. C2 ceramide는 HO-1과 NQO1 프로모터 상에 존재하는 antioxidant response element (ARE)에 전사인자 (Nrf2 and cJun) 의 결합을 증가시켰고 ARE를 매개로 한 전사활성을 증가시켰다. 또한 C2 ceramide는 MAPK와 AMPK 의 인산화를 증가시켰다. MAPK와 AMPK의 신호전달 억제제를 처리하였을 때, ARE에 의한 HO-1발현에 대해 AMPK와 MAPK 인산화가 공통적으로 작용함을 관찰하였다. 하지만 두 AMPK와 MAPK 인산화 사이에는 연관성이 없는 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 위의 결과들을 종합하여, 성상세포에서 C2 ceramide가 항산화효소의 발현을 증가시키는 메커니즘을 규명하였다. 본 연구의 세번째 PART에서는, 신경교종세포에서의 MMP 발현과 침투성 세포이동에 대한 C2 ceramide의 억제 효과를 규명하였다. 신경교종세포에서 MMP는 고농도로 확인이 되고, 신경교종세포의 전이에 중요한 요인이 되므로 MMP의 조절기능이 뇌종양 억제제의 주요 타겟이 된다. 때문에, 암유발 물질인 PMA로 유도되는 MMP-1, -3, -9의 발현에 대해 C2 ceramide의 억제 효과를 우선 확인하였다. 또한 MMP의 발현 증가로 인한 신경교종세포의 침투성 세포이동에 대해서도 C2 ceramide의 억제효과를 확인하였다. 이는 종양전이과정에 대한 억제효과로, 항암 효과의 중요한 의미가 있다. 다음으로 MMP 조절을 매개하는 분자적 기전을 살펴보았다. MMP의 상위인자인 MAPK 인산화 및 전사인사 (NF-κB and AP-1) 활성화를 억제시킴으로써, C2 ceramide가 MMP를 조절하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 PMA로 유도되는 ROS 생성 및 NOX4의 발현에 대해 C2 ceramide 뿐만 아니라 NADPH oxidase 억제제 (DPI) 에 의한 억제 효과를 확인하였다. 더불어 C2 ceramide 와 DPI는 MMP와 전사인자의 (NF-κB and AP-1) 프로모터 활성화와, p38 MAPK의 인산화를 억제하였다. 이를 통해 C2 ceramide는 ROS 생성 억제와 p38 MAPK의 인산화를 조절함으로써 MMP 발현과 뇌종양세포의 침투성 세포이동과정을 억제효과를 추정할 수 있었다. 결론적으로, 뇌신경교세포에서 보여지는 C2 ceramide의 항염증/항산화 효과 및 MMP억제효과는 산화적 스트레스와 뇌염증으로 인해 유도되는 다양한 퇴행성 신경질환 및 뇌종양 치료제 개발의 타겟으로 사용될 수 있는 가능성을 시사한다.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsI. INTRODUCTION 1 1. Microglia and neuroinflammation 1 2. Astrocytes and Nrf2-mediated neuroprotection 2 A. Astrocytes and oxidative stress 2 B. Nrf2-ARE neuroprotective pathway in astrocytes 5 3. Role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in normal and pathological conditions 7 4. Sphingolipids and Ceramide 10 A. Physiological role and signaling of sphingolipids 10 B. The role of ceramide in neuroinflammation 11 5. Purpose of present study 13 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 15 1. Reagents 15 2. Cell cultures 15 A. Microglial cell culture 15 B. Rat primary astrocyte culture 17 C. Human glioma cell culture 17 3. Measurement of cytokine, nitrite, and intracellular ROS levels 18 4. RT-PCR 18 5. Western blot analysis 20 6. In vivo administration of C2 ceramide and immunofluorescence staining 20 7. Quantification and analysis of ceramides in BV2 microglial cell 21 8. Transient transfection and luciferase assay 22 9. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) 23 10. Flow cytometry analysis (FACS) 23 11. Immunofluorescent confocal microscopy 23 12. Co-immunoprecipitation (IP) assay 24 13. Immunofluorescence with Nrf2/cJun 24 14. Measurement of MMP-1, -3, and -9 levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 25 15. Zymographic analysis 25 16. Matrigel invasion assay 26 17. Wound healing assay 27 18. Statistical analysis 27 III. RESULTS 28 PART I. Anti-inflammatory mechanism of C2 ceramide in activated microglia 28 1-1. Exogeneous short chain ceramide suppressed iNOS and proinflammatory mediators in BV2 and primary cultured microglia 28 1-2. C2 ceramide inhibited TNF-a level in the serum, and microglial activation, proinflammatory cytokine expression in the brain of LPS-induced septic mice 31 1-3. Anti-inflammatory effects of ceramides in lipoteichoic acid (LPA) or Poly I:C-stimulated BV2 microglial cells 31 1-4. Endogenous ceramides appear to be partly involved in modulation of inflammation in activated microglia 35 1-5. C2 ceramide on its own, rather than its modified form, appears to mainly work by penetrating into microglial cells 35 1-6. C2 ceramide inhibited NF-κB, AP-1 and various pro-inflammatory signaling kinases 38 1-7. C2 ceramide inhibited ROS production with upregulation of hemeoxygenase-1 expression 43 1-8. C2 ceramide activates PKA/CREB signaling pathway 43 1-9. C2 ceramide inhibits the interaction between LPS and TLR4 in BV2 microglial cells 48 PART II. Antioxidant mechanism of C2 ceramide in rat brain astrocytes 51 2-1. C2 ceramide inhibited ROS production and cell death in H2O2-treated primary astrocytes 51 2-2. C2 ceramide increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes HO-1 and NQO1 51 2-3. C2 ceramide increased ARE-mediated transcriptional activities of HO-1 and NQO1 55 2-4. C2 ceramide increased the Nrf2 and c-Jun binding to ARE and nuclear translocation in primary astrocytes 55 2-5. MAPK signaling pathways are involved in HO-1 expression in C2-ceramide-treated astrocytes 60 2-6. AMPK are involved in HO-1 expression in C2-ceramide-treated astrocytes 64 2-7. C2 ceramide regulation of HO-1 expression; involved in independent mechanism of AMPK and MAPK 64 PART III. Inhibitory effects of C2 ceramide on MMP gene expression and glioma invasion 70 3-1. C2 ceramide suppresses the mRNA expression and promoter activities of MMP-1, -3, and -9 in human astroglioma cells 70 3-2. C2 ceramide inhibits the protein expressions of MMP-1, -3, and -9 in U87MG cells 70 3-3. C2 ceramide inhibits the in vitro invasion and migration of U87MG glioma cells 76 3-4. C2 ceramide inhibits DNA binding and transcriptional activities of NF-κB and AP-1, which are important for MMP gene expression 78 3-5. C2 ceramide suppresses the phosphorylation of three types of MAP kinases signaling 78 3-6. C2 ceramide suppresses ROS production and NOX4 expression in PMA-treated U87MG cells 81 IV. DISCUSSION 86 PART I. Anti-inflammatory mechanism of C2 ceramide in activated microglia 86 PART II. Antioxidant mechanism of C2 ceramide in rat brain astrocytes 91 PART III. Inhibitory effect of C2 ceramide on MMP gene expression and glioma invasion 97 V. CONCLUSIONS 104 VI. REFERENCES 107 국문초록 135-
dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent8596658 bytes-
dc.languageeng-
dc.publisher이화여자대학교 대학원-
dc.subject.ddc600-
dc.titleProtective mechanism of short chain C2 ceramide in brain glial cells-
dc.typeDoctoral Thesis-
dc.title.translated뇌신경교세포에서 C2 ceramide의 예방적 치료효과에 대한 메커니즘 연구-
dc.format.pagexvi, 187 p.-
dc.contributor.examiner정영해-
dc.contributor.examiner오세관-
dc.contributor.examiner서혜명-
dc.contributor.examiner최윤희-
dc.contributor.examiner김희선-
dc.identifier.thesisdegreeDoctor-
dc.identifier.major대학원 의과학과-
dc.date.awarded2015. 8-
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