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dc.contributor.advisor강상원-
dc.contributor.author김은미-
dc.creator김은미-
dc.date.accessioned2016-08-26T04:08:44Z-
dc.date.available2016-08-26T04:08:44Z-
dc.date.issued2015-
dc.identifier.otherOAK-000000111398-
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/handle/2015.oak/212247-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dcollection.ewha.ac.kr/jsp/common/DcLoOrgPer.jsp?sItemId=000000111398-
dc.description.abstractThe Bcl-2 family members are key regulators of cellular viability, either promoting or suppressing cell death. Recent reports have indicated that the pro-survival members (Bcl-w, Bcl-X_(L), and others) also enhance the migratory and invasive potentials of cancer cells by an as yet poorly understood mechanism. Here, I show that Bcl-w increases mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels to promote cell invasion. By way of contrast, Bax, a member of the multidomain pro-apoptotic group (Bax and Bak), reduced ROS levels and thus suppressed cell invasion. Bax was found to exert this function by binding ND5, a subunit of respiratory complex-Ι, thereby suppressing complex-Ι activity. Analyses of the functional and physical relationship between Bcl-w and Bax have shown that Bcl-w enhances cellular invasiveness by binding to Bax and subsequently promoting its dissociation from complex-Ι. Considering that the p53 tumor suppressor/transcription factor often accumulates in the cytoplasm of healthy cells, I next investigated whether cytoplasmic p53 can interact with Bcl-2 family proteins and regulate cellular invasiveness. My data have indeed shown that cytoplasmic p53 suppresses cell invasion by reducing mitochondrial ROS levels, which was found to be mediated by Bcl-2 family proteins: Cytoplasmic p53 binds Bcl-w, liberating Bax, which then binds ND5, thereby suppressing complex-Ι activity and thus ROS production. I also showed that Bcl-X_(L) and Bak can substitute for Bcl-w and Bax, respectively, regulating complex-Ι activity and supporting the cytoplasmic function of p53; nuclear p53 also suppresses complex-Ι activity by inducing Bax expression. Studies in animal models support the notion that p53 and Bcl-2 family proteins exhibit these functions in vivo. This study demonstrates a link between p53 and Bcl-2 proteins as regulators of ROS production and cellular invasiveness, and reveals complex-Ι, especially ND5, as their functional target.;Bcl-2 family members는 세포 사멸을 촉진하거나 억제하는 세포 사멸의 중요한 조절자이다. 최근 논문들은 아직 밝혀지지 않은 기전을 통해 pro-survival members(Bcl-w, Bcl-X_(L), and others)가 암세포의 이동성과 침윤성을 향상 시킨다고 보고 하고 있다. 이에 우리는 본 연구에서 Bcl-w가 세포 침윤을 촉진시키기 위해 미토콘드리아 활성산소의 수준을 올린다는 사실을 밝혀내었다. 이와는 반대로 multidomain pro-apoptotic group (Bax and Bak)의 구성원 중 하나인 Bax는 활성산소의 수준을 감소시켜 세포 침윤을 억제하는데, 이러한 기능은 Bax가 respiratory complex-I의 소단위체인 ND5에 결합함으로써 일어나는 것임을 알아내었다. 또한 Bcl-w와 Bax 사이의 기능적, 물리적 관계의 분석은 Bcl-w가 Bax에 결합함으로써 complex-I으로부터 Bax를 분리시켜 세포의 침윤 능력을 향상 시킨다는 사실을 보여주고 있다. 다음으로, p53 종양억제/전사인자는 종종 살아 있는 건강한 세포의 세포질에도 축적되어 있는 점을 고려하여, 세포질 p53이 Bcl-2 family proteins과 상호작용을 하는지, 세포 침윤 능력의 조절에 관여하는지에 대해 조사 해 보았다. 우리의 결과는 실제로 세포질 p53이 미토콘드리아 활성산소의 수준을 감소시킴으로써 세포 침윤을 억제하는 것으로 나타났고, 이는 Bcl-2 family proteins에 의해 매개되는 것으로 밝혀졌다: 세포질 p53은 Bcl-w와 결합함으로써 Bax를 분리 시키고, 이렇게 떨어져 나간 Bax는 ND5와 결합하여 complex-I의 활성을 낮추고 활성산소의 생성을 억제한다. 또한 우리는 complex-I의 활성과 세포질 p53의 세포 침윤 기능을 조절하는 과정에서 Bcl-X_(L)과 Bak이 각각 Bcl-w와 Bax를 대체 할 수 있음을 밝혀내었다; 이 밖에도 핵 내에 존재하는 p53은 Bax의 발현을 유도하여 complex-I의 활성을 막아 세포의 침윤을 억제하는 것임을 알 수 있었다. 동물 모델을 이용한 연구는 p53과 Bcl-2 family proteins의 이러한 기능을 생체 내에서 증명하여 세포를 이용한 앞의 실험 결과들을 뒷받침해 주고 있다. 따라서 이 연구는 활성 산소의 생성 및 세포 침윤 조절자인 p53과 Bcl-2 family proteins 간의 긴밀한 관계를 밝히고, 이들의 기능적 대상으로써의 complex-I, 특히 ND5를 밝힌 중요한 연구라 할 수 있다.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsI. Introduction 1 II. Materials and Method 10 A. Antibodies and inhibitors 10 B. siRNAs 10 C. Preparation of mouse embryonic fibroblast, cell culture, and transfection 10 D. Western blot analysis 11 E. Invasion assay 12 F. PI3K assay 12 G. Quantitative real-time PCR 12 H. Analysis of mitochondrial complex activities 13 I. Confocal microscopy 14 J. Measurement of cellular ATP levels 14 K. Analysis of ROS levels 15 L. ΔΨ_(m) analysis 15 M. Co-immunoprecipitation assay 16 N. Cell free translation of proteins 16 O. In vitro binding assay 16 P. Expression constructs and mutagenesis 17 Q. Animals 17 R. Intravasation assay 18 S. Statistical analysis 18 III. Results 19 A. Bcl-w requires its C-terminal tail for mitochondrial localization 19 B. Mitochondrial localization of Bcl-w is required for promoting cellular invasiveness 22 C. Bcl-w elevates mitochondrial ROS levels to promote cell invasion 25 D. Bax suppresses cell invasion by reducing ROS level 28 E. Bcl-w promotes cell invasion by suppressing Bax activity 31 F. Bcl-w binds to Bax to promote cell invasion 34 G. Bax binds to complex-I, suppressing its activity and ROS production 38 H. Bax suppresses cell invasion by binds to ND5 subunit of complex-I 41 1. The C-terminal tail of Bax binds to ND5 41 2. A natural mutation of ND5 prevents binding to Bax 42 I. Bcl-w activates complex-I by inhibiting Bax/complex-I interactions 45 J. Cytoplasmic p53 suppresses cell invasion 47 1. Intracellular localization of p53K305N 47 2. Suppression of cellular invasiveness by cytoplasmic p53 50 K. p53K305N binds Bcl-w and disrupts its interaction with Bax 52 L. Cytoplasmic p53 suppresses complex-I activity by promoting Bax/complex-I interactions 56 M. Cytoplasmic p53wt mimics p53K305N 58 N. Bcl-XL and Bak can substitute for Bcl-w and Bax, respectively, in support of the cytoplasmic functions of p53 60 1. Bcl-XL mimics Bcl-w 60 2. Bak mimics Bax 62 O. Nuclear p53 suppresses invasion by inducing Bax expression 65 P. The p53/Bcl-w/Bax system regulates cancer cell intravasation 68 IV. Discussion 72 V. References 80 VI. Abstract (in Korean 90-
dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent1926164 bytes-
dc.languageeng-
dc.publisher이화여자대학교 대학원-
dc.subject.ddc600-
dc.titleRegulation of cell invasion by Bcl-2 family proteins, mitochondrial complex-I, and p53 tumor suppressor-
dc.typeDoctoral Thesis-
dc.format.pageviii, 91 p.-
dc.contributor.examiner이수영-
dc.contributor.examiner김재상-
dc.contributor.examiner엄흥덕-
dc.contributor.examiner이원재-
dc.contributor.examiner강상원-
dc.identifier.thesisdegreeDoctor-
dc.identifier.major대학원 생명과학과-
dc.date.awarded2015. 2-
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