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dc.contributor.advisor박은미-
dc.contributor.author신진아-
dc.creator신진아-
dc.date.accessioned2016-08-26T04:08:53Z-
dc.date.available2016-08-26T04:08:53Z-
dc.date.issued2012-
dc.identifier.otherOAK-000000072028-
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/handle/2015.oak/211809-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dcollection.ewha.ac.kr/jsp/common/DcLoOrgPer.jsp?sItemId=000000072028-
dc.description.abstractBackground and Objective: The components of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) such as the tight junctions (TJ) of endothelial cells and aquaporin4 (AQP4) present at the end-feet of astrocytes that are in contact with endothelial cells, contribute to edema formation and tissue damage following ischemic brain injury. This study examined the effects of estrogen and ischemic preconditioning (IP), which are known to be endogenous neuroprotective strategies, on the expression of AQP4 and TJ regulation in the ischemic brain, respectively. Materials and Methods: Ischemic stroke was induced by a 30 min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in male and female mice (C57BL/6, age; 10­11 weeks). IP was induced by a brief bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) 24 h prior to MCAO in male mice. Brain edema formation was assessed 24 h after MCAO, and infarct volume evaluation and behavioral tests were performed 3 days after MCAO. The levels of AQP4 gene expression were measured using real-time PCR, and protein levels of AQP4, TJ proteins, and cytokines were measured by western blotting. Immunofluorescence staining for AQP4 and markers of activated microglia or infiltrated macrophages/monocytes, along with transmission electron microscopic analysis were used to examine TJ structural changes. Results: Infarct volume and edema formation were significantly lesser in female mice than in male mice. Gene and protein levels of AQP4 in the ischemic cortex of female mice were relatively well preserved, whereas they were found to be significantly decreased in male mice following MCAO. These differences disappeared in ovariectomized females but were reversed by estrogen replacement (1 ug in 0.1 ml of sesame oil, s.c.). Furthermore, a reduction of AQP4 expression levels in female mice treated with an estrogen receptor antagonist, ICI182,780 (100 ug in 0.1 ml of sesame oil, s.c.), was associated with increased edema formation. During the ischemic tolerance period, protein levels at the TJs were reduced, and the TJ structures deteriorated, while the level of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) was increased. The inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway by a specific inhibitor, U0126 (30 ug/kg mouse), administered 23 h after IP normalized TJ protein levels, as well as structural changes at the TJ, and inflammatory responses during tolerance periods. Moreover, the neuroprotective effects of IP on infarct volume, edema formation, BBB permeability, and behavioral outcomes were abolished by the inhibition of ERK1/2 activation. Conclusions: The results of the present study demonstrated that the reduction of ischemic brain edema afforded by estrogen was associated with conserved levels of AQP4, partly via the estrogen receptors. In addition, the neuroprotective effects of IP during ischemic tolerance periods appear to be mediated by ERK1/2-dependent modulation of BBB permeability. Therefore, these results suggested that endogenous neuroprotection factors such as estrogen and IP could aid in the development of new treatment strategies to prevent BBB breakdown and tissue damage following ischemic stroke.;연구 배경 및 목적: 혈관 내피세포 사이에 존재하는 치밀이음부와 혈관 내피세포를 둘러싼 별아교세포의 종말단추에 위치한 aquaporin4 (AQP4)는 혈관뇌장벽의 구성성분으로, 뇌허혈 손상 후 뇌부종 형성과 조직 손상에 영향을 미친다. 본 연구에서는 내인성 뇌 보호 기작으로 알려져있는 에스트로겐과 허혈성 전처치 (ischemic preconditioning; IP)가 허혈 손상을 받은 뇌조직에서 각각 AQP4의 발현과 치밀이음부 단백질 조절에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 연구하였다. 연구 방법: 허혈성 뇌중풍 모델은 실험용 수컷 그리고 암컷 생쥐 (C57BL/6, 10-11 주)에 30분 동안 일시적인 중대뇌동맥폐색 기법을 이용하여 제작하였다. IP의 자극은 짧은 세 번의 총경동맥폐색을 통하여 유도하였고 24시간이 지난 뒤 중대뇌동맥폐색을 유도하였다. 뇌부종 형성은 중대뇌동맥폐색 후 24시간 뒤에, 뇌경색 용적과 행동실험은 3일 뒤에 측정하였다. AQP4의 유전자 발현은 real-time PCR방법으로 측정하였고, AQP4, 치밀이음부 단백질, 그리고 사이토카인 단백질 발현 양상은 western blotting 방법을 통하여 측정하였다. 면역형광반응을 이용하여 AQP4의 발현위치와 양상을 확인하고, 활성 소교 세포와 대식 세포들의 변화를 관찰하였다. 그리고 전자현미경을 이용하여 혈관뇌장벽과 혈관 내피세포의 미세구조 변화를 확인하였다. 연구 결과: 암컷 마우스의 뇌경색과 뇌부종은 수컷과 비교하여 현저히 감소 하였고, 암컷 뇌의 AQP4 단백 수준은 잘 유지되어 있는 반면, 수컷 뇌에서는 현저히 감소하였다. 이러한 효과는 난소제거 암컷에서는 사라졌으며, 에스트로겐 (1 ug in 0.1 ml of sesame oil, s. c.) 투여 시 회복되었다. 더 나아가, 에스트로겐 수용체 길항제, ICI182,780 (100 ug in 0.1 ml of sesame oil, s. c.)를 투여한 암컷에서 AQP4 단백 감소와 뇌부종 증가의 관련성을 확인하였다. IP에 의해 유도되는 허혈 내성 기간 동안 extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) 신호전달이 활성화되면서 치밀이음부 단백질의 감소와 구조에 손상이 생긴 반면 ERK1/2의 인산화는 증가되었다. 활성화된 ERK1/2에 특이적 봉쇄제로 작용하는 U0126 (30 ug/kg 마우스)를 IP 유도 후 23 시간 뒤에 처치했을 때, 내성기간 동안 치밀이음부 단백질 양과 구조적 변화, 그리고 염증반응이 정상화되었다. 또한 뇌경색 용적, 뇌부종, 혈과뇌장벽 투과성과 행동 결과에 대한 IP의 뇌 보호 효과가 ERK1/2 활성 억제에 의해 사라짐을 확인하였다. 연구 결론: 에스트로겐에 의한 허혈성 뇌부종 감소는 부분적으로 에스트로겐 수용체를 통한 AQP4 단백질 수준 유지와 관련이 있음을 보였다. 허혈 내성 기간 동안 IP의 뇌 보호효과는 ERK1/2 활성화에 의한 혈관뇌장벽 투과성 조절에 의함을 보였다. 따라서 에스트로겐과 IP는 허혈성 뇌중풍 후 혈관뇌장벽 손상을 감소시키는 치료전략이 될 수 있다.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsA. Introduction 1 B. Materials and Methods 14 1. Experimental animals 14 2. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) 14 3. Ischemic preconditioning by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) 15 4. Ovariectomy, estrogen administration, and measurement of estrogen activity 16 5. Drug administration 17 6. Measurement of infarct volume and brain edema 17 7. Measurement of Evans blue extravasation 18 8. Behavioral tests 19 a. Neurological score 19 b. Hanging wire test 19 9. RNA isolation and real-time PCR analysis 20 10. Western blot analysis 22 11. Immunofluorescence staining 25 12. Transmission Electron Microscopic Analysis 26 13. Statistical analysis 27 C. Results 28 Part I. Conserved aquaporin4 levels associated with reduction of brain edema are mediated by estrogen in the ischemic brain 28 I-1. Reduced ischemic brain edema and infarct volume in female mice 28 I-2. The expression of AQP4 in the ischemic cortex is different between sexes 29 I-3. Effect of estrogen on AQP4 expression and ischemic brain edema 31 I-4. AQP4 expression in the ischemic cortex is mediated by estrogen receptors 33 Part II. Ischemic preconditioning-induced neuroprotection is associated with altered blood-brain barrier in the ischemic brain 45 II-1. Neuroprotective effects in the cortex induced by ischemic preconditioning 45 II-2. ERK pathway-mediated reductions of tight junction protein expressions by ischemic preconditioning 46 II-3. Changes in the ultrastructure of tight junction after ischemic preconditioning are regulated by the ERK pathway 47 II-4. Mild inflammatory responses in the preconditioned brain 49 II-5. ERK inhibition reversed the neuroprotective effects induced by ischemic preconditioning 51 D. Discussion 67 Part I. Conserved aquaporin4 levels associated with reduction of brain edema are mediated by estrogen in the ischemic brain 67 Part II. Ischemic preconditioning-induced neuroprotection is associated with altered blood-brain barrier in the ischemic brain 74 E. Summary 81 References 84 국문초록 98 Acknowledgement 101-
dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent4583065 bytes-
dc.languageeng-
dc.publisher이화여자대학교 대학원-
dc.subject.ddc600-
dc.titleEndogenous strategies to prevent blood-brain barrier breakdown induced by ischemic stroke-
dc.typeDoctoral Thesis-
dc.title.translated허혈성 뇌중풍에 의한 혈관뇌장벽 손상 제어를 위한 내인성 치료 방법-
dc.format.pagexii, 101p.-
dc.identifier.thesisdegreeDoctor-
dc.identifier.major대학원 의과학과-
dc.date.awarded2012. 8-
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