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dc.contributor.advisor오억수-
dc.contributor.author정희성-
dc.creator정희성-
dc.date.accessioned2016-08-26T04:08:20Z-
dc.date.available2016-08-26T04:08:20Z-
dc.date.issued2014-
dc.identifier.otherOAK-000000083476-
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/handle/2015.oak/211035-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dcollection.ewha.ac.kr/jsp/common/DcLoOrgPer.jsp?sItemId=000000083476-
dc.description.abstract피부 조직에서 멜라닌세포와 주변의 케라틴세포는 기능적으로 매우 밀접한 관계를 맺고 있다. 특히, 피부에서 가장 바깥쪽에 위치한 층의 대부분을 구성하고 있는 케라틴세포는 다양한 조절 메커니즘으로 멜라닌세포를 조절하고 있다. 크게 세가지 메커니즘이 제시되어 왔으며, 세포외기질, 수용성 인자 그리고 세포 결합 단백질에 의한 메커니즘이 그것이다. 케라틴세포 (HaCaT세포)가 합성하는 세포외기질 중 laminin-332는 악성흑색종 세포의 부착, focal adhesion 형성 및 세포이동성을 촉진하였으며 integrin alpha6가 이러한 세포현상에 receptor로 작용하였다. Integrin alpha6를 knockdown시킨 사람 악성흑색종 세포주인 A375세포는 laminin-332를 매개로 한 세포 부착 및 이동성이 감소하였다. 게다가 케라틴세포가 분비한 laminin-332는 악성흑색종 세포주인 B16F10과 MNT-1세포의 멜라닌 합성을 촉진시켰다. 그러나 예상과 달리, laminin-332에 의한 멜라닌 합성과정은 멜라닌 합성에 중요한 효소인 tyrosinase의 발현과 활성과 관련이 없었다. Laminin-332는 ERK의 활성을 촉진하여 tyrosinase의 기질인 L-tyrosine의 멜라닌세포나 악성흑색종 세포 내 유입 증가에 기여하였다. 따라서 케라틴세포가 합성한 laminin-332는 멜라닌세포 및 악성흑색종 세포의 멜라닌 합성을 비롯하여 세포 부착을 매개로 한 다양한 기능을 조절한다. 케라틴세포가 분비하는 수용성 인자 중 하나인 alpha-MSH는 악성흑색종 세포의 syndecan-2발현을 저해하여 악성흑색종 세포의 세포 이동성을 억제하였다. 흥미롭게도 alpha-MSH의 receptor인 MC1R 과발현은 syndecan-2발현 증가를 유도하여 세포이동성을 촉진하였다. MC1R의 발현은 p38 MAPK 활성을 억제하여 syndecan-2의 발현 및 세포이동성을 촉진하였으나, alpha-MSH는 반대 효과를 나타냈다. 이러한 결과는 케라틴세포가 alpha-MSH를 분비하여 악성흑색종 세포의 MC1R을 통한 이동성을 억제하고 있음을 제시한다. 또한 케라틴세포는 직접적인 세포간의 결합으로 악성흑색종 세포의 기능을 조절하였다. A375세포를 단독으로 배양 시 N-cadherin의 발현이 높았으나, HaCaT세포와 함께 배양 시 A375세포의 N-cadherin이 감소하였다. 그리고 A375-HaCaT을 함께 배양 하였을 때, ERK와 AKT의 활성이 감소하였으나 GSK3beta의 활성은 증가하였다. GSK3beta의 활성 억제로 N-cadherin의 발현이 증가하였으므로, 케라틴세포는 직접적 세포결합을 하여 GSK3beta활성조절을 통해 악성흑색종 세포의 N-cadherin의 억제자 역할을 한다는 것을 알 수 있다. 결론적으로 본 연구는 케라틴세포가 멜라닌세포 및 악성흑색종 세포를 다양한 메커니즘으로 조절하고 있음을 제시한다.;In human skin, melanocytes and its neighboring keratinocytes have a close functional interrelationship each other. Particularly, keratinocytes, the prevalent cell type of the uppermost layer of human skin, regulate melanocytes through various regulatory mechanisms. Three regulatory mechanisms have been provided, which are including extracellular matrix (ECM), soluble factors and cell adhesion molecules. Among ECMs derived from keratinocytes (HaCaT cells), laminin-332 promoted adhesion, focal adhesion formation and migration of melanoma cells and it was through the interaction with integrin alpha6. Consistently, knockdown of integrin alpha6 in human melanoma A375 cells reduced laminin-332-mediated adhesion and migration. In addition, keratinocyte-derived laminin-332 enhanced level of melanin in pigmented melanoma cell lines; B16F10 cells and MNT-1 cells. Unexpectedly, laminin-332-enhanced melanogenesis was independent on the expression and activation of tyrosinase, the key enzyme in melanogenesis. Instead, laminin-332 promoted ERK mediated uptake of L-tyrosine, a substrate of tyrosinase, into melanocytes and melanoma cells. Therefore, keratinocyte-derived laminin-332 seems to contribute to adhesion-mediated functions of melanocytes including melanin production. On the other hand, one of soluble factor secreted from keratinocytes, alpha-Melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), reduced migration of melanoma cells by downregulating syndecan-2 expression. Surprisingly, overexpression of melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R), the receptor of alpha-MSH, enhanced syndecan-2 mediated migration. MC1R expression reduced p38 MAPK activity and subsequently increased syndecan-2 expression and cell migration, but the opposite effects were observed in cells treated with alpha-MSH. These results suggest that keratinocytes inhibit MC1R-mediated migration of melanoma cells by producing alpha-MSH. Besides, keratinocytes regulated melanoma cell functions through a direct interaction. Although mono-cultured A375 cells showed high levels of basal N-cadherin expression, A375-HaCaT co-culture induced reduction of levels of N-cadherin in A375 cells. In addition, A375-HaCaT co-culture reduced the activation of ERK and AKT, but enhanced the activity of GSK3beta. Since inhibition of GSK3betaabolished reduction of N-cadherin, keratinocytes seems to GSK3beta mediated negatively regulate levels of N-cadherin in melanoma cells by a direct interaction. Taken together, this research strongly suggests that keratinocyte contributes to the regulation of melanocytes and melanoma cells in various pathways.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsINTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER I 21 I. INTRODUNCTION 22 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 25 1. Materials and antibodies 25 2. Cell Culture and transfection 25 3. RNA Extraction and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction(RT-PCR) 26 4. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) 27 5. Immunoblotting 28 6. Cell spreading assay 28 7. Preparation of keratinocyte-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell spreading assay 29 8. Immunofluorescence analysis 30 9. Transwell migration assay 30 10. Monitoring cell adhesion and migration 31 11. Preparation and treatment of keratinocyte conditioned media 32 12. Statistical Analysis 32 III. RESULTS 33 1. Keratinocyte-derived laminin-332 promotes the adhesion and spreading of melanoma cells 33 2. Integrin a6 regulates the laminin-332-mediated adhesion of melanoma cells 37 3. Laminin-332 promotes focal adhesion formation in melanoma cells 40 4. Laminin-332 enhances the migration of melanoma cells 43 5. Laminin-332 promotes adhesion and migration of melanocytes 45 6. Keratinocyte-derived soluble factors are not essential for the adhesion of melanoma cells 48 IV. DISCUSSION 51 CHAPTER II 56 I. INTRODUCTION 57 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 59 1. Materials and antibodies 59 2. Cell culture and transfection 59 3. RNA extraction and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) 60 4. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) 61 5. Immunoblotting 62 6. Immunofluorescence analysis 62 7. Preparation of tissue culture plate coated with ECM substrate 63 8. Preparation of keratinocyte-derived ECM 64 9. Melanin determination 64 10. Tyrosinase activity assay 65 11. Intracellular tyrosine determination 66 12. Tyrosine uptake measurement 66 13. Statistical Analysis 67 III. RESULTS 68 1. Keratinocyte-derived laminin-332 promotes melanin synthesis of melanoma cells 68 2. Laminin-332 potentiates melanogenic response to a-MSH in melanoma cells 72 3. Laminin-332-mediated melanin synthesis is independent on tyrosinase 74 4. Laminin-332 promotes tyrosine uptake into melanoma cells 77 5. Laminin-332 promotes tyrosine uptake into melanoma cells via adhesiondependent MAP kinase activation 81 6. Laminin-332 regulates melanin synthesis in human primary melanocytes 85 IV. DISCUSSION 88 CHAPTER III 93 I. INTRODUNCTION 94 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 98 1. Materials and antibodies 98 2. Cell culture and transfection 98 3. Synthesis of small interfering RNA constructs 99 4. RNA Extraction and Reverse Transcription-PCR 100 5. Immunoblotting 101 6. Flow cytometry 102 7. Construction of transcriptional syndecan-2 reporter plasmids 102 8. Luciferase assay 103 9. Transwell migration assay 103 10. Statistical Analysis 104 III. RESULTS 105 1. a-MSH inhibit melanoma cell migration by decreasing syndecan-2 expression 105 2. MC1R promotes migration of melanoma cells by controlling syndecan-2 expression 109 3. a-MSH negatively regulates MC1R mediated syndecan-2 expression and cell migration1 16 4. MC1R regulates syndecan-2 expression via inhibition of p38 activity 119 IV. DISCUSSION 124 CHAPTER IV 128 I. INTRODUCTION 129 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 132 1. Materials and antibodies 132 2. Cell culture and transfection 132 3. RNA extraction and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) 133 4. Co-culture 134 5. Immunoblotting 134 6. Immunofluorescence analysis 135 III. RESULTS 136 1. Keratinocytes negatively regulate levels of N-cadherin of melanoma cells through cell-cell contacts 136 2. N-cadherin reduction in co-cultured melanoma cells is independent on both soluble and insoluble factors derived from keratinocytes 141 3. Snail expression is reduced in co-cultured melanoma cells 144 4. Keratinocytes regulate N-cadherin stability via AKT-GSK3b pathway in melanoma cells 146 IV. DISCUSSION 150 DISCUSSION 154 REFERENCES 170 논문개요 185 감사의 글 187-
dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent9227050 bytes-
dc.languageeng-
dc.publisher이화여자대학교 대학원-
dc.subject.ddc600-
dc.titleThe Role of keratinocyte in regulation of melanoma function-
dc.typeDoctoral Thesis-
dc.format.pagexii, 189 p.-
dc.identifier.thesisdegreeDoctor-
dc.identifier.major대학원 생명과학과-
dc.date.awarded2014. 2-
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