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dc.contributor.advisor이화정-
dc.contributor.author채송화-
dc.creator채송화-
dc.date.accessioned2016-08-26T04:08:03Z-
dc.date.available2016-08-26T04:08:03Z-
dc.date.issued2014-
dc.identifier.otherOAK-000000084432-
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/handle/2015.oak/210867-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dcollection.ewha.ac.kr/jsp/common/DcLoOrgPer.jsp?sItemId=000000084432-
dc.description.abstractP-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a well-characterized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) that functions as a biological barrier by eliminating toxins and xenobiotics from cells. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that P-gp is an important factor in drug absorption and disposition because of its expressed locations. Although P-gp was first discovered in drug-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cells, P-gp is also expressed in normal organs, such as the liver, intestine, kidney, and brain. P-gp appears to play a greater role in limiting cellular uptake of drugs from the intestinal lumen into epithelial cells than in enhancing the excretion of drugs from hepatocytes and the renal tubules into the adjacent luminal space. In addition, P-gp exhibits specificity for a wide range of substrates, including anticancer agents, immunosupressants, HIV-protease inhibitors, steroids, anti-microbial agents, and others, which are not associated with structural or functional relationships. Oral administration is preferred over other administration routes because oral drugs can be administered at home, improving patient convenience and quality of life and potentially decreasing costs by preventing hospitalization. In addition, patients avoid the risk of infection that is associated with injections. The systemic exposure of orally administered drugs, which is represented by oral bioavailability (BA), is a significant factor in oral absorption. The BA of a drug is associated not only with its physicochemical properties but also with the function of drug transporters. Because of its localizations, functions and substrate specificities, P-gp acts a major barrier to orally delivered drugs. Some studies reported that co-administration of orally administered drugs with a P-gp inhibitor could improve systemic exposure. Thus, the modulation of P-gp is an important factor in the development of oral drugs. Because of this increasing interest in P-gp inhibitors, a number of inhibitors were developed and some of these inhibitors are currently being tested in clinical trials. In this study, a variety of derivatives, including coumarin derivatives (Chapter I), xanthone analogues (Chapter II), and synthesized optically active phenylbutenoid dimers (Chapter III), were investigated as P-gp inhibitors. In vitro studies tested the P-gp inhibitory activity of the derivatives and identified the mechanisms of action of the derivatives. To evaluate the potential for clinical application of the derivatives as P-gp inhibitors, the P-gp inhibition-related effect of the candidates selected from the in vitro studies on the pharmacokinetic parameters of the P-gp substrate paclitaxel (PTX) was estimated. The optimal dose of each candidate for P-gp inhibition was also determined. When PTX was co-administered with the optimal doses of the coumarin derivative LL-348, the xanthone analogues compound 132b) and compound N4-1, and the synthesized optically active phenylbutenoid dimer compound 2, the oral BAs of PTX were enhanced 9.6-, 2.5-, 3.2- and 1.8-fold, respectively. In addition, the effect of the coumarin derivative LL-348 and the xanthone analogue compound 132b) on the efficacy of the anticancer agent PTX was assessed in human alveolar basal epithelial carcinoma (A549)-bearing mice. When PTX was administered with a 10 mg/kg oral dose of LL-348, tumor growth was strongly inhibited and tumor regression occurred. When PTX was co-administered with 10 mg/kg of compound 132b), tumor growth was inhibited but tumor regression was not observed. The results from Chapters I to III suggested that each compound had an optimal dose for inhibition of P-gp because P-gp was saturable. In addition, the structural similarities of the P-gp inhibitors that were used in our studies were analyzed. In this study, the P-gp inhibitors had more than one benzene ring, one of which was connected to a butene chain that had a variety of substituents. In addition, P-gp is considered a major cause of multidrug resistance (MDR). MDR is a serious problem in cancer therapy because it leads to cross-resistance against diverse anticancer agents. Therefore, the effect of the xanthone analogue 3-(3-chloro-2-hydroxyptopoxy)-1-hydroxy-9H-thioxanthen-9-one on P-gp inhibition-mediated chemo-sensitization in human gastric cancer-bearing mice was studied (Appendix 2). Although paclitaxel (PTX) is not indicated for gastric cancer cells, tumor regression occurred when PTX was injected with a 1 mg/kg intravenous dose of compound 132b). ;P-당당백질은, 에너지 의존적으로 작동하는 약물 배출 수송체 중 하나로 암세포에서 처음 발견되었지만 간, 소장, 신장, 뇌와 같은 정상 기관에도 발현된다. 정상 기관에서 P-당단백질은 세포 내로 유입되는 외부물질을 세포 밖으로 배출하는 역할을 하기 때문에, P-당단백은 약물의 흡수, 분포, 대사, 배설에 중요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려졌다. 특히 소장에서 발현되는 P-당단백질의 경우, 경구로 흡수되는 약물의 흡수를 방해하는 가장 큰 원인 중 하나로 손꼽힌다. P-당단백질은 구조적, 기능적 연관성이 없는 광범위한 물질을 그 기질로 갖기 때문에, 소장에서 발현되는 P-당단백질은 다양한 물질의 경구 흡수를 저하시킨다고 알려졌다. 따라서 소장의 P-당단백질을 효과적으로 억제한다면, 다양한 약물의 경구 흡수율을 증진 시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료된다, 따라서 그동안 경구 흡수율이 낮아 경구용 제제 개발이 어려웠던 약물과 P-당단백질 억제제를 함께 투여함으로써, 손쉽게 경구용 제제 개발이 가능할 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구에서는 다양한 유도체들의 P-당단백질 억제제로서의 가능성을 평가하고, 그 중 후보물질을 도출하여 실제 경구 흡수가 어려운 P-당단백질 기질 약물의 경구 흡수 증진 여부를 실험하였다. 더불어 실제 암 모델에 적용하여, 그 효능 역시 평가하였다. 쿠마린 유도체 4종 (챕터 1), 잔톤 유도체 20종 (챕터 2), 절대입체 이성질체로 분리한 페닐부테노이드 중합체 2종 (챕터 3) 에 대하여 본 연구에서는 실험을 진행하였다. In vitro 실험을 통하여 가장 효과 있는 P-당단백질 억제제 물질을 구조 별로 한가지씩 선정하였고, 선정된 물질을 P-당단백질 기질 항암제인 파클리 탁셀과 함께 경구로 쥐에 투여하여, 선정된 물질이 파클리 탁셀의 혈중 농도에 미치는 영향을 HPLC로 분석, 평가하였다. 각각의 유도체들은 다양한 용량으로 투여하여, 최적의 효과를 나타낼 수 있는 용량을 도출하고자 하였다. 그 결과, LL-348 (쿠마린 유도체), compound 132b) (3환링 잔톤 유도체), N4-1 (4환링 잔톤 유도체), compound 2 (절대 입체 이성질체인 페닐부테노이드체)는 파클리 탁셀의 경구 흡수율을 각각 9.6-, 2.5-, 1.8-배 증가시켰다. 이 중, LL-348 과 compound 132b) 는 인체 유래 폐암 동물 모델에서 항암제의 효능을 증진시켜 치료 효과를 상승 시킬 수 있는지도 평가되었다. LL-348을 파클리 탁셀과 함께 폐암 모델 동물에 투여한 결과, 암의 성장이 강력하게 억제되었으며, 더불어 암의 소실이 관찰 되었다. compound 132b) 와 파클리 탁셀을 폐암 모델 동물에 경구로 투여하였을 때에는, 암의 소실은 관찰되지 않았으나, 암의 성장이 억제되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이와 더불어 본 연구에선, 연구에 사용된 물질 중 P-당단백질의 억제하는 효과가 있는 것으로 나타난 물질들의 구조적 공통점을 찾고자 하였다. 본 실험에서 선정된 P-당단백질 억제제는 공통적으로 하나 이상의 벤젠 고리를 가지고 있으며, 벤젠 고리에는 다양한 치환기를 갖고 있는 부탄 체인이 연결되어 있었다. 더불어 항암치료의 주요 실패 원인인 약물 다약제 내성은 암세포 내에 과발현된 P-당단백질 때문으로 알려졌기 때문에, 본 연구에서는, 잔톤 유도체인 compound 132b)의 항암 감작제로서의 가능성 역시 평가하였다. 1 mg/kg 용량의 compound 132b)를 파클리탁셀과 함께 인체 유래 위암 모델 동물에 정맥 주사한 결과, 항암제의 적응증이 아닌 위암에서 실제 암의 소실이 관찰 되었다.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsI. INTRODUCTION 1 A. Physical Properties 1 1. Structure 1 2. Drug binding sites and drug efflux mechanism 3 3. Distribution and functions 9 4. Substrates 10 5. Inhibitors 11 B. Pharmacological Functions 13 1. Role of P-gp in drug absorption 13 2. Impact of P-gp on tumor responses 13 C. Pharmacological Effects of P-gp inhibition 15 1. Pharmacokinetic advantage 15 2. Others 16 D. Objective of this Study 17 II. MATHERIALS 18 A. Chemicals 18 B. Animals 19 C. Cell lines 19 D. Compounds 19 III. Chapter I : Effect of coumarin derivative-mediated inhibition of P-glycoprotein on oral bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of paclitaxel (formatted in Eur J Pharmacol) 20 1. Introduction 21 2. Methods 23 3. Results 28 4. Discussions and Conclusions 38 5. References 42 IV. Chapter II : Xanthone Analogues as Potent Modulators of Intestinal P-glycoprotein (formatted in Eur J Pharm Chem) 45 1. Introduction 46 2. Methods 49 3. Results 54 4. Discussion and Conclusions 64 5. References 67 V. Chapter III : In vitro and in vivo evaluation of phenylbutenoid dimers as inhibitors as P-glycoprotein (formatted in J Nat Prod) 71 1. Introduction 72 2. Results and Discussion 75 3. Conclusion 84 4. Experimental section 85 5. References 90 VI. COMPREHENSIVE DISCUSSION 92 VII. Appendix 1 : P-glycoprotein inhibitory activities by various compounds 95 1. Introduction 96 2. Methods 99 3. Results and Discussion 104 4. Conclusion 116 5. References 117 VIII. Appendix 2 : a P-gp Inhibitor As a Chemo-sensitizer 120 1. Introduction 121 2. Methods 125 3. Results and Discussion 127 4. Conclusion 131 5. References 132 IX. REFERENCES 134 X. SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 144 XI. Additional Work : Preclinical evaluation of efficacy and stability of docetaxel micelle-encapsulated by a tripodal cyclotriphosphazene amphiphile (formatted in Cancer Chemother Pharmacol) 151 0. Abstract 152 1. Introduction 153 2. Methods 155 3. Results 159 4. Discussion 173 5. References 175 XII. 국문초록 178-
dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent4006401 bytes-
dc.languageeng-
dc.publisher이화여자대학교 대학원-
dc.subject.ddc600-
dc.titleIn vitro and In vivo Studies of Novel Compounds as P-glycoprotein Inhibitors-
dc.typeDoctoral Thesis-
dc.format.pagexiv, 179 p.-
dc.identifier.thesisdegreeDoctor-
dc.identifier.major대학원 약학과-
dc.date.awarded2014. 2-
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