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dc.contributor.author최한-
dc.creator최한-
dc.date.accessioned2016-08-26T02:08:23Z-
dc.date.available2016-08-26T02:08:23Z-
dc.date.issued1997-
dc.identifier.otherOAK-000000000765-
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/handle/2015.oak/191867-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dcollection.ewha.ac.kr/jsp/common/DcLoOrgPer.jsp?sItemId=000000000765-
dc.description.abstract이 연구는 암염 구조형 황화칼슘내에 활성제와 부활성제를 물들일 때 나타나는 결정구조, 빛발광 현상과 같은 물리,화학적 특성간의 상호관계를 규명하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 형광체의 빛발광 현상은 물들여진 활성제의 전자 구조, 산화 상태에 영향을 받고, 이 외에도 바대의 물리적 성질, 즉 띠 간격 에너지, 전도도, 결함 구조 등에 큰 영향을 받는다. 이러한 현상을 체계적으로 연구하기 위하여 바대로 사용한 황화 칼슘 자체의 성질과 빛발광 특성을 연구하였고, 활성제로 f-f, f-d, d-d, S^2 -sp 전이를 보이는 전이금속 이온( 망간, 비스무스 ), 희토 금속이온( 유러퓸, 세륨, 디스프로슘, 란탄) 등을 물들인 형광체를 고안하였다. 이들 형광체는 융제법, 수소 분위기에서의 고상반응법, 티오우레아법 등으로 합성하였다. 이 화합물들의 물리, 화학적 특성은 분말-X선 회절법, 빛발광 측정법, 전자 스핀 공명법, 적외선 흡수 분광법, 자외선-가시광선 분광법, 전자 현미경법, 화학 정량 분석법 등을 통하여 규명하였다. 그 결과 (1) 기체법을 이용하여 합성한 황화 칼슘내에는 본디 결함으로 칼슘이온과 황이온의 빈자리 결함(Vca^2+, Vs^2+)이, (2) 융제를 이용하여 합성한 황화칼슘에는 본디 결함외에도 융제에 들어있는 양이온에 의한 결함(Na^+ ca^2+, K^+ ca^2+)이 존재함을 규명하였다. (3) 이 결함들은 황화칼슘내에 새로운 에너지 준위를 만들어 빛발광에 큰 영향을 줌을 밝혔고, 발광에너지 준위를 갖지 않는 3가 란탄이온의 결함에 의한 빛발광 연구를 통해 발광에너지 준위를 갖는 3가의 희토류 금속이온도 같은 에너지 준위의 결함을 만든다는 것을 알았다. (4) 또한 합성법에 따라 활성제의 산화가 상태와 농도를 조절할 수 있음을 알았다. 주요어 : 암염구조, 황화 칼슘, 활성제, 희토 금속이온, 결함 구조, 산화 상태, 빛발광. ; The objectives of this work are the investigation of structure and photoluminescence properties of NaCl type CaS doped with an activator and coactivator. The photoluminescence properties of phosphors are dependent mainly upon the electronic structure and valence state of the activators. In addition to the properties of activators, properties of host lattice such as band gap energy, lattice parameter, conductivity, and defects are also important factors on the photoluminescence. In order to examine systematically such factors of phosphors on the photoluminescence properties of phosphors, CaS system was investigated. Transition metal and rare earth metal ion doped CaS were synthesized using flux, H_2 S or CS_2 /N_2 gas, and thiourea. The transition metals used were Mn^2+ with d-d transition and Bi^3+ with S^2 -sp transition, and rare earth ions were Eu^2+ and Ce^3+ with f-d transition and Eu^2+ and Dy^3+ with f-f transition. The crystal structures and physicochemical properties of the compounds were characterized by the powder X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, FT-IR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, iodometric titration, and conductimetric titration. Conclusions from this work are the followings: (1) pure CaS prepared in gas has intrinsic defects due to calcium and sulfur vacancy (Vca^2+, Vs^2+). However, CaS prepared in flux has not only intrinsic defects, but also extrinsic defects such as Na^+ ca^2+, K^+ ca^2+. (2) These defects in CaS introduce acceptor and donor levels in energy band gap, which produce photoluminescence. (3) La^3+ ion itself is transparent to ultraviolet radiation, however, vacancies(Vca^2+, Vs^2+) and substituted ions (Na+ Ca2+, La3+ Ca2+) seem to be associated with luminescence center in La doped CaS. Also, the same luminescence center exists in M^3+ doped CaS, in addition to the luminescence center originated from electron transition of M^3+ . (4) The defect structure of matrix, the valence state of activator, and the concentration of activator could be controlled chemically by using different methods of preparation. Keywords ; NaCl-type, CaS, rare earth metal ion, defects, valence state, photoluminescence.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsList of Figures ----------------------------------------------------- ⅷ List of Tabels ------------------------------------------------------ xv Abstract ------------------------------------------------------------ xvi Chapter 1. General Introduction ------------------------------------- 1 1-1. Background and Aims of Research ------------------------------- 1 1-2. Band Structure of Alkaline Earth Sulfides --------------------- 3 1-2-1. BaS -------------------------------------------------------- 5 1-2-2. SrS -------------------------------------------------------- 7 1-2-3. CaS -------------------------------------------------------- 7 1-3. Intrinsic Point-Defects --------------------------------------- 10 Chapter 2. The Luminescence Mechanism of Phosphors ------------------ 13 2-1. Classification of Luminescence in Solids ---------------------- 13 2-1-1. Donor-acceptor pair luminescence --------------------------- 14 2-1-2. The s^2 -sp allowed transition ----------------------------- 15 2-1-3. The f-d allowed transition --------------------------------- 16 2-1-4. The d-d forbidden transition ------------------------------- 17 2-1-5. The f-f forbidden transition ------------------------------- 17 2-2. Spectroscopy of Rare Earth Ions ------------------------------- 18 2-2-1. The transition between 4f levels --------------------------- 21 2-2-2. The f-d and charge transfer transition --------------------- 23 2-3. Energy Transfer ----------------------------------------------- 25 2-3-1. Sensitizer and activator ----------------------------------- 25 2-3-2. Theory of energy transfer ---------------------------------- 26 Chapter 3. Experimental Techniques ---------------------------------- 31 3-1. Synthesis ----------------------------------------------------- 31 3-1-1. Flux method ------------------------------------------------ 31 3-1-2. Gas reaction method ---------------------------------------- 31 3-1-3. Thiourea method -------------------------------------------- 32 3-2. Measurements -------------------------------------------------- 32 3-2-1. Photoluminescence spectroscopy ----------------------------- 32 3-2-2. Power X-ray diffraction ------------------------------------ 33 3-2-3. Scanning electron microscopy ------------------------------- 33 3-2-4. Reflection spectroscopy and Infrared absorption spectroscopy 33 3-2-5. Electron paramagnetic resonance ---------------------------- 34 3-2-6. Chemical quantitative analysis ----------------------------- 35 3-2-6-1. Iodometric titration ------------------------------------ 35 3-2-6-2. Conductimetirc titration -------------------------------- 35 Chapter 4. Chemistry of Carbonate-Sulfur Flux ----------------------- 37 4-1. Introduction -------------------------------------------------- 37 4-2. Experimental -------------------------------------------------- 38 4-3. Results and Discussion ---------------------------------------- 39 4-3-1. Reaction of Na_2 CO_3 with S ------------------------------- 39 4-3-2. Reaction of CaCO_3 with Na_2 CO_3 and S -------------------- 44 4-3-3. Reaction of Na_2 SO_3 with S ------------------------------- 48 4-3-4. Reaction of CaCO_3 with Na_2 SO_3 and S -------------------- 50 4-3-5. Reaction of Na_2 CO_3 with Na_2 S_2 O_3 -------------------- 50 4-3-6. Reaction of CaCO_3 with Na_2 S_2 O_3 ----------------------- 55 4-3-7. Reaction of CaCO_3 with Na_2 S ----------------------------- 55 4-4. Conclusion ---------------------------------------------------- 55 Chapter 5. Synthesis of CaS from Thiourea and NH_4SCN. -------------- 56 5-1. Introduction -------------------------------------------------- 56 5-2. Experimental -------------------------------------------------- 57 5-3. Results and Discussion ---------------------------------------- 57 5-4. Conclusion ---------------------------------------------------- 66 Chapter 6. Thermal Decomposition and Hydrolysis of CaS -------------- 67 6-1. Introduction -------------------------------------------------- 67 6-2. Experimental -------------------------------------------------- 67 6-3. Results and Discussion ---------------------------------------- 68 6-3-1. Decomposition of CaS --------------------------------------- 68 6-3-2. Hydrolysis of CaS ------------------------------------------ 73 6-4. Conclusion ---------------------------------------------------- 76 Chapter 7. Structural and Luminescence Properties of Ca_1-x La_x S(x=0 ~ 0.3) ------------------------------ 77 7-1. Introduction -------------------------------------------------- 77 7-2. Experimental -------------------------------------------------- 79 7-3. Results and Discussion ---------------------------------------- 80 7-3-1. X-Ray diffraction study ------------------------------------ 80 7-3-2. Photoluminescence ------------------------------------------ 86 7-4. Conclusion ---------------------------------------------------- 95 Chapter 8. Luminescence of CaS:Dy ----------------------------------- 98 8-1. Introduction -------------------------------------------------- 98 8-2. Experimental -------------------------------------------------- 99 8-3. Results and Discussion ----------------------------------------100 8-3-1. Excitation spectra -----------------------------------------100 8-3-2. Emission spectra -------------------------------------------106 8-4. Conclusion ----------------------------------------------------112 Chapter 9. Luminescence of Ca_1-x Bi_x S ----------------------------115 9-1. Introduction --------------------------------------------------115 9-2. Experimental --------------------------------------------------116 9-3. Results and Discussion ----------------------------------------117 9-3-1. Excitation spectra -----------------------------------------119 9-3-2. Emission spectra -------------------------------------------122 9-3-3. Emission spectra of Bi doped alkaline earth sulfides -------125 9-4. Conclusion ----------------------------------------------------130 Chapter 10. Luminescence of Ca_1-x-y La_x Eu_y S --------------------132 10-1. Introduction -------------------------------------------------132 10-2. Experimental -------------------------------------------------133 10-3. Results and Discussion ---------------------------------------134 10-3-1. Photoluminescence of Ca_1-x-y La_x Eu_y S prepared in K_2 CO_3+ S flux ------------------------------136 10-3-2. Photoluminescence of Ca_1-x-y La_x Eu_y S prepared in Na_2 CO_3+ S flux -----------------------------141 10-3-3. EPR studies about Ca_1-x-y La_x Eu_y S --------------------146 10-4. Conclusion ---------------------------------------------------148 Chapter 11. Luminescence of Ca_1-x-y La_x Ce_y S --------------------149 11-1. Introduction -------------------------------------------------149 11-2. Experimental -------------------------------------------------149 11-3. Results and Discussion ---------------------------------------150 11-3-1. Ca_1-y Ce_y S ---------------------------------------------150 11-3-2. Ca_1-x-y La_x Ce_y S --------------------------------------157 11-4. Conclusion ---------------------------------------------------162 General Conclusion --------------------------------------------------164 References ----------------------------------------------------------166 Abstract(Korean) ----------------------------------------------------176 Acknowledgement(Korean) ---------------------------------------------177-
dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent7956154 bytes-
dc.languageeng-
dc.publisher이화여자대학교 대학원-
dc.titlePhotoluminescence of CaS phosphors-
dc.typeDoctoral Thesis-
dc.identifier.thesisdegreeDoctor-
dc.identifier.major대학원 화학과-
dc.date.awarded1997. 2-
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