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dc.contributor.advisor김유리-
dc.contributor.author박설현-
dc.creator박설현-
dc.date.accessioned2016-08-26T12:08:03Z-
dc.date.available2016-08-26T12:08:03Z-
dc.date.issued2012-
dc.identifier.otherOAK-000000072038-
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/handle/2015.oak/189380-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dcollection.ewha.ac.kr/jsp/common/DcLoOrgPer.jsp?sItemId=000000072038-
dc.description.abstractNeuroblastoma (NB) is the most prevalent pediatric solid tumor. Malignant NB cells have cancer stem cell-like potential and metastatic characteristics. Understanding the mechanism that regulates the characteristics of cancer stem cells and metastasis is of greatest importance of discovery of chemotherapeutic treatment. Mulberry leaf (ML) is one of traditional medical plants and has been reported to have medical benefits, including anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer effect. This study investigated the effect of ML on cancer stemness and metastasis. In cancer stemness, ML extract enhanced neuronal differentiation by elongating neurites and decreasing both clonogenicity and non-adherent sphere formation. Western blot results demonstrated that ML extract not only down-regulated the expression of stem cell markers (Notch-1 and Sox-2), but also up-regulated beta-tubulin III, one of neuronal differentiation markers. Furthermore, ML extract increased phosphorylation of ERK kinases, a mechanism that has been shown to facilitate neuronal differentiation and regulated the bona fide stem cell gene, delta-like 1 homologue (DLK1), which indicated the involvement of ML extract in stem cell regulation. In the respect of metastasis, ML extract inhibited NB cell migration by wound healing assay and invasion by transwell invasion assay. Gelatin zymography revealed that ML extract decreased the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). The results of Western blot and RT-PCR showed that ML extract down-regulated MMP-2 expression. Moreover, ML extract inhibited the expression of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), well-known regulators of tumor metastasis. Under hypoxia micking condition by CoCl2 or deferoxamine, ML extract decreased the activity of MMPs and the level of MMP-2 expression more effectively compared to untreated control. ML extract also down-regulated the mRNA expression of HIF-1α downstream target genes (GLUT-1 and VEGF) in hypoxic NB cells. Hypoxia-regulated expression by ML extract revealed the suppression of phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3- kinase (PI3K) and AKT. Taken together, these findings provide experimental evidences that ML extract may possess chemopreventive effect on NB cells by inhibiting cancer stem cell characteristics as well as regulating cancer metastasis potentials, which enable us to discover more therapeutic strategies for this deadly child cancer, thereby improve patient survival.;본 연구에서는 뽕잎추출물이 신경모세포종에 미치는 암 줄기세포 및 암 전이 억제 효능과 그 기전에 대해 알아보았다. 신경모세포종은 자기재생 및 분화 능력을 가진 암 줄기세포 성격을 가지며, 이러한 암 줄기세포 및 암 전이 특성을 조절하는 기전을 파악하는 것은 화학요법 개발에 중요하다. 뽕잎은 약용식물로서, 당뇨, 면역, 항산화, 암에 대해 효능을 가진다. 하지만 암 줄기세포 및 암 전이 효능에 대해서는 선행연구가 미흡하고 그 기전이 밝혀지지 않았으므로, 본 연구는 뽕잎추출물이 암 줄기세포 성장과 분화 및 암 전이에 미치는 영향과 그 기전을 파악하기 위해 수행되었다. 뽕잎추출물은 암 줄기세포 성격을 지닌 신경모세포의 신경돌기를 신장시킴으로써 분화를 유도하였으며, 암 줄기세포의 군집형성능 및 응집력을 감소시킴으로써 자기재생 능력을 억제시켰다. 뽕잎추출물은 줄기세포 마커(Notch-1, Sox-2)의 발현을 감소시켰으며, 분화 마커(β-tublinⅢ)의 발현을 증가시켰다. 또한, 뽕잎추출물은 신경분화와 관련된 ERK 의 인산화를 증가시켰으며, 줄기세포 관련 유전자인 DLK1 조절에 관여하는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 뽕잎추출물은 신경모세포종의 이주능력 및 침윤을 억제시켰으며, 젤라틴지모그래피 결과는 뽕잎추출물이 암전이 관련 효소인 기질금속단백질 분해효소(MMP)의 활성을 저하시키는 것으로 나타났으며, 이 중 MMP-2는 뽕잎추출물에 의해 단백질 및 mRNA 발현이 억제되었다. 암 전이를 돕는 것으로 알려져 있는 저산소상태에서 뽕잎추출물은 저산소증유도인자(HIF)의 단백질 발현을 저하시켰으며, 그 표적 유전자들(GLUT-1, VEGF)의 mRNA 발현 또한 감소시켰다. 이러한 암 전이 효능은 PI3K/AKT 신호전달 경로와 관련이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구결과는 뽕잎추출물이 신경모세포종의 암 줄기세포 및 암 전이 특성을 억제시키는 효능을 지니고 있음을 보여주었다. 이러한 뽕잎추출물의 신경모세포종에 대한 항암효능은 천연물 유래의 항암 소재로서의 가능성을 보여주었으며, 효과적인 화학요법제의 개발에 유효하게 이용될 수 있을 것이다.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsI. Introduction 1 1.1. Literature reviews 1 1.1. Neuroblastoma 1 1.2. Cancer stem cells 2 1.3. DLK1 3 1.4. Metastasis 4 1.5. Hypoxia 5 1.6. Mulberry leaf 7 1.2. Purpose of study 8 1.2.1. Significance of this study 8 1.2.2. Hypothesis and specific aims 9 II. Materials and Methods 10 2.1. Preparation of mulberry leaf extract and treatment 10 2.2. Cell culture 10 2.3. Induction of differentiation 11 2.4. Induction of hypoxic-mimic condition 11 2.5. Cell viability assay 11 2.6. Measurement of neurite outgrowth 12 2.7. Clonogenic assay 13 2.8. Sphere formation assay 13 2.9. Wound healing assay 14 2.10. Transwell invasion assay 14 2.11. Gelatin zymography assay 15 2.12. Western blot assay 16 2.13. RNA extraction 17 2.14. Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) 17 2.15. RNA interference 20 2.16. Statistic analysis 20 III. Results 21 Part 1. The effect of ML extract on cancer stemness in NB 21 3.1.1. ML extract decreases cell viability in NB cells and glioma cells 22 3.1.2. ML extract enhances neuronal cell differentiation in NB cells 24 3.1.3. ML extract reduces the self-renewal potential of NB cells 26 3.1.4. ML extract degreases stem cell markers in NB cells and glioma cells 29 3.1.5. ML extract increases neuronal differentiation markers in NB cells 31 3.1.6. The combined application with ML extract and DLK1 knock-down facilitates the elimination of cancer stemness in NB cells 33 3.1.7. MAPK inhibitors block ERK phosphorylation and ML extract-induced neuronal differentiation in NB cells 35 Part 2. The effect of ML extract on metastasis in NB 37 3.2.1. ML extract inhibits NB cell migration 38 3.2.2. ML extract reduces invasiveness of NB cells 40 3.2.3. ML extract inhibits MMP-2 and MMP-9 enzyme activity and MMP- 2 expression in NB cells 42 3.2.4. ML extract down-regulates the expression of HIF in NB cells 44 3.2.5. ML extract suppresses more effectively MMP enzyme activities and MMP-2 expression under hypoxia in NB cells 46 3.2.6. ML extract decreases the mRNA level expression of downstream target genes in NB cells 48 3.2.7. ML extract mediates hypoxia-regulated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway 50 IV. Discussion 52 V. Summary and Conclusion 64 Reference 66 국문초록 83-
dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent1708981 bytes-
dc.languageeng-
dc.publisher이화여자대학교 대학원-
dc.subject.ddc600-
dc.titleThe Effects of Mulberry Leaf Extract on Cancer Stemness and Metastasis in Neuroblastoma Cells-
dc.typeMaster's Thesis-
dc.title.translated신경모세포종에 대한 뽕잎추출물의 항암효능: 암 줄기세포 및 암 전이 조절의 기전 연구-
dc.format.pageviii, 84 p.-
dc.identifier.thesisdegreeMaster-
dc.identifier.major대학원 식품영양학과-
dc.date.awarded2012. 8-
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