서울시 근교에 위치한 도시숲 식생 군집과 환경의 상관관계 분석

Abstract

본 연구는 서울시 도시 숲에 속해 있으며 인간의 간섭이 높은 불암산, 대모산, 봉화산 3개 산을 지정하여 2008년 10월부터 2009년 10월까지 식생을 군집분석과 환경과의 정준상관분석(Canonical Correlation Analysis)을 통하여 도시 숲의 식생 분포와 식생이 선호하는 환경을 알아보고자 수행하였다. 불암산 군집분석 결과 소나무-신갈나무(Pinus densiflora - Quercus mongolica), 서어나무-리기다소나무(Carpinus laxiflora - Pinus rigida), 굴참나무-팥배나무(Quercus variabilis - Sorbus alnifolia)로 나왔으며 대모산의 군집은 리기다소나무-일본잎갈나무(Pinus rigida-Tilia amurensis), 현사시나무-물박달나무(Populus tomentiglandulosa-Betula davurica)로 나왔다. 봉화산 군집분석 결과에서는 소나무-팥배나무(Pinus densiflora- Sorbusalnifolia)와 상수리나무-벚나무(Quercus acutissima- Prunus serrulata)로 나왔다. 불암산, 대모산, 봉화산의 지역별 유사도에서는 불암산과 대모산의 유사도 지수가 0.634로 높게 나와 비슷한 식생들이 분포하고 있으며 다른 지역보다 대모산 지역의 우점도가 0.166으로 다수의 종이 우점한다. 또한 종다양도 분석결과 대모산이 가장 안정된 상태를 이루고 있으며 종다양도, 최대종다양도, 균재도는 불암산, 봉화산, 대모산 지역으로 갈수록 높아지고 우점도는 불암산, 봉화산, 대모산 지역으로 갈수록 낮아진다. 그러므로 우점도는 높고 종다양도는 낮으므로 대모산의 산림이 극상림으로 안정화가 진행되고 있다. 지역별 유사도에서는 불암산과 대모산의 유사도 지수가 높게 나와 비슷한 식생들이 분포하고 있는 것으로 판단되며 수종간의 상관관계 분석에서 또한 아까시나무, 갈참나무, 진달래, 졸참나무가 많은 식생들과 상관관계를 보인다. 정준상관분석에서는 신갈나무는 토양 속 유기물 함량이 높은 곳을 선호하며 아까시나무와 상수리나무는 선호하는 환경적인 특성이 비슷한 걸로 판단된다. 또한 온도와 강수량과 더 밀접한 관련성을 가지고 있으며 온도가 높은 곳을 선호하는 것으로 나왔다. 서어나무는 양이온 치환과, Ca의 양이 적당한 곳을 선호한다고 분석되었다. 인공림인 리기다소나무는 특별한 환경적 요인보다는 대체적으로 양이온치환용량, 칼슘, 강우량, 고도 여러 가지 요소에 골고루 영향을 받고 있어 어느 환경적 상황에서도 잘 적응하며 번식할 수 있을 것이며, 소나무와 잣나무의 경우는 리기다소나무보다 온도와 강수량 관계가 더 높아 기온에 민감한 것으로 분석 되었으며 온도가 낮고 고도가 낮은 곳에 있고 강수량 또한 적은 곳에 분포하고 있다. 지구 온난화 현상으로 인해 기후에 민감한 잣나무와 같은 자생종은 적응하기 어려워져 도태가 될 것이며 리기다소나무 아카시나무 등의 외래종은 더 번식할 것이다;This study was conducted to look into the distribution of the vegetation in the urban forest and identify the environment preferred by the vegetation by conducting the vegetation clustering analysis and the canonical correlation analysis to determine the correlation between the environment and vegetation - which were carried out from October 2008 to October 2009 - for the 3 mountains of Mt. Bulam, Mt. Daemo, Mt. Bonghwa which were the urban forests of Seoul and highly exposed to the intervention by human. Based on the results of the analysis related to the vegetation clustering, it was found that the clustering of Mt. Bulam consisted of pine tree-Mongolian oak(Pinus densiflora - Quercus mongolica), hornbeam -pitch pine(Carpinus laxiflora - Pinus rigida), cork oak-wild pear tree(Quercus variabilis - Sorbus alnifolia) while the clustering of Mt. Daemo consisted of pitch pine- Japanese Larch(Pinus rigida-Tilia amurensis), Hyun Poplar-black birch(Populus tomentiglandulosa-Betula davurica). Meanwhile, the clustering of Mt. Bonghwa consisted of pine tree-wild pear tree(Pinus densiflora- Sorbus alnifolia) and oak tree-cherry tree(Quercus acutissima- Prunus serrulata). In relation to the similarity index by region in Mt. Bulam, Mt. Daemo, and Mt. Bonghwa, the similarity index of Mt. Bulam and Mt. Daemo stood at as high as 0.634, suggesting the distribution of similar vegetation, and the dominance index of the Mt. Daemo region was found to be 0.166 which suggests the dominance of many species compared to other regions. In addition, the results of species diversity showed that Mt. Daemo had the highest stability, and the species diversity, maximum species diversity, evenness indices were highest in Mt. Bulam, followed by Mt. Bonghwa and Mt. Daemo. The dominance index was the lowest in Mt. Bulam, followed by Mt. Bonghwa and Mt. Daemo. Thus, the vegetation in Mt. Daemo made progress towards achieving high stability as the climax forest because the dominance index was high and the species diversity was low in Mt. Daemo. In relation to the similarity index by region, the similarity index was high in Mt. Bulam and Mt. Daemo, suggesting that these two mountains had similar distribution of vegetation. Based on the results of the analysis conducted to determine the correlation among the tree species, it was found that the false acacia, white oak, azalea, and queritron showed the highest correlation with many types of vegetation, implying that they were adapted well to the regions of Mt. Bulam, Mt. Bonghwa, and Mt. Daemo. The results of CCA analysis showed that Mongolian oak preferred the place with high concentration of organic matter in soil, while false acacia and oak tree had preference to the environment of similar characteristics. Moreover, the temperature and precipitation had close correlation, and it was found that the place with high temperature was preferred. The hornbeams were found to prefer the place with modest frequency of cation exchange and modest amount of Ca. Pitch pine, the artificial forest, was found to be influenced evenly by many different elements, such as cation exchange capability (CEC), calcium, precipitation, altitude and others, rather than special environmental elements, and therefore was found to be highly adaptable to any environment and capable of excellent reproduction. Meanwhile, pine trees and nut pines were found to be sensitive to temperature as they had higher correlation with the temperature and precipitation, compared to pitch pine. Both pine trees and pine trees were clustered in the place with low temperature and low precipitation at low altitude. As the global warming becomes serious, autochthon, such as nut pines, which are sensitive to the climate, will have greater difficulty with the adaptation to the environmental change, and consequently, die out, while the pitch pine and false acacia, which are the foreign species, will proliferate fast.