View : 868 Download: 0

Full metadata record

DC Field Value Language
dc.contributor.advisor김희선-
dc.contributor.author박진선-
dc.creator박진선-
dc.date.accessioned2016-08-25T11:08:00Z-
dc.date.available2016-08-25T11:08:00Z-
dc.date.issued2011-
dc.identifier.otherOAK-000000066465-
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/handle/2015.oak/188536-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dcollection.ewha.ac.kr/jsp/common/DcLoOrgPer.jsp?sItemId=000000066465-
dc.description.abstractI. Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of isoflavone metabolites in brain microglial cells. The microglial activation plays an important role in neurodegenerative diseases by producing several proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (NO). I found that three types of isoflavones and their metabolites that are transformed by the human intestinal microflora suppress lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced release of NO and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in primary cultured microglia and BV2 microglial cell lines. The inhibitory effect of the isoflavone metabolites (aglycon form) was more potent than that of isoflavones (glycoside form). The RNase protection assay showed that the isoflavone metabolites regulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the cytokines at either the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. A further molecular mechanism study was performed for irisolidone, a metabolite of kakkalide, which had the most potent anti-inflammatory effect among the six isoflavones tested. Irisolidone significantly inhibited the DNA binding and transcriptional activity of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and activator protein-1. Moreover, it repressed the LPS-induced extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation without affecting the activity of c-Jun N-terminal kinase or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. The level of NF-κB inhibition by irisolidone correlated with the level of iNOS, TNF-α, and interleukin (IL)-1β suppression in LPS-stimulated microglia, whereas the level of ERK inhibition correlated with the level of TNF-α and IL-1β repression. II. Antioxidant mechanisms of isoflavone metabolites in brain astrocytes. The brain is highly vulnerable to oxidative stress, and thus controlling the oxidative stress is considered to be an important therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, I investigated the antioxidant effects of two isoflavone metabolites (tectorigenin and glycitein) in rat primary cultured astrocyte and C6 glioma cells. Treatment of the cells with isoflavone metabolites inhibited ROS generation induced by hydrogen peroxide and subsequent cell death. The isoflavone metabolites increased the expressions of phase II antioxidant enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase1 (NQO1), and pretreatment of the cells with the chemical inhibitor of HO-1 (ZnPP) or NQO1 (dicoumarol) reversed the antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of isoflavones. The results suggest that the antioxidant /cytoprotective effects of isoflavone metabolites are at least partly mediated through HO-1 and NQO1. Next, I further investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying isoflavone-mediated upregulation of antioxidant enzyme genes. Both the tectorigenin and glycitein increased the binding of transcription factors (Nrf2 and c-Jun) to antioxidant response element (ARE) on HO-1 and NQO1 promoters, and enhanced ARE-mediated transcriptional activities. Treatment of the cells with various signaling pathway inhibitors revealed that PI3 kinase and p38 MAPK pathway are involved in expression of HO-1, and JNK in expression of NQO1 in isoflavone-treated cells. Our data collectively indicate that phase II antioxidant enzymes such as, HO-1 and NQO1 play an important role in reducing the ROS levels and alleviating subsequent cell death in hydrogen peroxide-treated astroglial cells. Therefore, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of isoflavone metabolites in glial cells may therapeutic potential for various neurodegenerative diseases, which are accompanied by oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.;1. 뇌소교세포에서 이소플라본 대사체의 항염증 기전연구 뇌소교세포의 활성화는 염증성 싸이토카인과 산화질소 (nitric oxide) 를 생성함으로써 퇴행성 신경질환을 일으키는데 중요한 역할을 한다. 본 연구에서는 1차 배양 소교세포와 BV2 소교세포주에서 세 가지의 이소플라본과 각각의 장내 미생물 대사체를 처리시 LPS에 의해 유도된 산화질소와 TNF-α의 발현이 억제되는 것을 관찰하였다. 그 억제 효과는 배당체 (glycoside) 형태의 이소플라본보다 비당체 (aglycon) 형태의 이소플라본 대사체에서 보다 강하게 나타났다. RNase protection assay를 통하여 이소플라본 대사체가 iNOS와 싸이토카인의 발현을 전사단계 혹은 전사 후 단계에서 감소하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 더 나아가 여섯 개의 이소플라본 중 가장 항염증 효과가 좋았던 irisolidone을 이용해 항염증 관련 기전 연구를 수행하였다. Irisolidone은 NF-κB와 AP-1의 DNA 결합능과 전사활성을 현저히 감소시켰으며, LPS에 의해 유도된 ERK의 인산화를 감소시켰다. 반면, JNK나 p38 MAPK의 인산화에는 영향을 주지 않았다. LPS에 의해 활성화 된 뇌소교세포에 irisolidone에 의한 NF-κB 활성의 억제는 iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β의 발현억제와 상관관계가 있고, ERK의 억제는 TNF-α와 IL-1β의 발현 억제와 상관관계가 있음을 증명하였다. 2. 성상세포에서 이소플라본 대사체의 항산화 기전연구뇌는 산화스트레스에 취약한 기관임이 잘 알려져 있으며, 따라서 산화스트레스를 조절하는 것은 퇴행성 신경질환의 중요한 치료 타깃이다. 본 논문에서는 1차 배양 성상세포와 C6 성상세포주에서 두 가지 이소플라본 대사체(tectorigenin and glycitein)의 항산화 효과 및 기전에 대해 연구하였다. 이소플라본 대사체는 과산화수소수 (H2O2) 에 의해 유도된 활성산소종 (ROS) 생성을 억제하였다. 또한 이소플라본 대사체는 phase II 항산화효소인 HO-1과 NQO1의 발현을 증가시켰으며 각각의 화학적 억제제인 ZnPP 와 dicoumarol 을 전처리 했을 때, 이소플라본의 항산화 그리고 세포보호 효과가 감소되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 결과로 이소플라본 대사체의 항산화/세포보호 효과는 HO-1과 NQO1의 발현증가와 관계가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 다음으로 이소플라본에 의한 항산화 효소 발현증가를 매개하는 분자적 기전을 살펴보았다. Tectorigenin과 glycitein 모두 HO-1과 NQO1 프로모터 상에 존재하는 antioxidant responseelement (ARE) 에 전사인자 (Nrf2 and c-Jun)의 결합을 증가시켰고 ARE를 매개한 전사활성을 증가시켰다. 다양한 신호전달 억제제를 처리하였을 때, 이소플라본을 처리한 세포에서 ARE에 의한 HO-1 발현에 있어 PI3K와 p38 MAPK 경로가 공통적으로 작용하며 반면 NQO1의 발현에 있어 JNK 경로가 관여함을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구결과를 종합하여 볼 때, H2O2 를 처리한 성상세포에서 이소플라본 대사체가 활성산소종과 세포 사멸을 억제하는데 있어서 항산화 효소 HO-1과 NQO1이 중요한 역할을 함을 알 수 있었다.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsI. INTRODUCTION 1 A. Microglia activation and neuroinflammation 1 B. Astrocyte and Nrf2-mediated neuroprotection 3 C. Isoflavone 6 D. Purpose of the present study 8 II. Materials and Methods 11 A. Preparation of three isoflavones and its bacterial metabolites 11 B. Reagents 12 C. Cell culture 12 D. Cell viability test 13 E. Measurement of cytokine and nitrite levels 13 F. RNase protection assay 14 G. Western blot 15 H. Nuclear extract preparation and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) 15 I. Plasmids 17 J. Transient transfection and luciferase assay 17 K. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement 18 L. RT-PCR 19 M. Transient transfection of small interference RNA (siRNA) 19 N. Statistical analysis 20 III. RESULTS 21 PART I 21 1-1. Effect of the isoflavones on NO, TNF-α and IL-1β production in LPS-stimulated microglial cells 21 1-2. Isoflavone metabolites suppress mRNA expressions of iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-1β 23 1-3. Irisolidone inhibits the DNA binding and transcriptional activities of NF-κB and AP-1 in LPS-stimulated microglial cells 23 1-4. Irisolidone suppresses LPS-induced ERK phosphorylation in LPS-Stimulated microglial cells but not JNK or p38 MAPK phosphorylation 25 1-5. Effect of ERK-specific inhibitor (PD98059) and NF-κB inhibitor (PDTC) on cytokine and iNOS expression in LPS-Stimulated microglial cells 28 1-6. The relationship between the ERK pathway and NF-κB activation in LPS- stimulated microglial cells 28 PART II 32 2-1. Tectorigenin and glycitein inhibited ROS production and cell death in H2O2-treated astrocyte cells 32 2-2. Tectorigenin and glycitein increased the expression of antioxidant enzyme HO-1 and NQO1 in astrocytes 32 2-3. Inhibition of HO-1 or NQO1 attenuated isoflavone-mediated ROS inhibition and cytoprotective effects in H2O2-treated astrocytes 36 2-4. HO-1 siRNA attenuated antioxidant effects of tectorigenin and glycitein in H2O2-treated astrocytes 36 2-5. Tectorigenin and glycitein increased ARE-mediated transcriptional activities in primary astrocytes 39 2-6. Tectorigenin and glycitein increased nuclear protein binding to ARE and translocation of transcription factors into nucleus in primary astrocytes 39 2-7. Nrf2 and c-Jun are involved in antioxidant enzyme gene expression and antioxidant activity of tectorigenin and glycitein 41 2-8. Tectorigenin and glycitein enhanced HO-1 promoter activity in an ARE-dependent manner 41 2-9. Tectorigenin and glycitein increased the phosphorylation of PI3K and MAP kinases 44 2-10. Signaling pathway involved in HO-1 and NQO1 expression in tectorigenin and glycitein-treated cells 44 IV. DISCUSSION 49 PART I. Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of isoflavone metabolites in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglial cells 49 PART II. Antioxidant mechanisms of isoflavone metabolites in hydrogen peroxide-stimulated astrocytes 51 REFERENCES 54 국문초록 65-
dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent5057953 bytes-
dc.languageeng-
dc.publisher이화여자대학교 대학원-
dc.titleAnti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Mechanisms of Isoflavone Metabolites in Brain Glial Cells-
dc.typeDoctoral Thesis-
dc.format.pagexi, 68 p.-
dc.identifier.thesisdegreeDoctor-
dc.identifier.major대학원 의과학과-
dc.date.awarded2011. 2-
Appears in Collections:
일반대학원 > 의과학과 > Theses_Ph.D
Files in This Item:
There are no files associated with this item.
Export
RIS (EndNote)
XLS (Excel)
XML


qrcode

BROWSE