李淸照 詞 硏究

Abstract

李淸照(1083-1156?)는 北宋 末期에서 南宋 初葉에 걸쳐 활동한 女流文學家이다. 그녀는 당시에 이미 時文으로 명성이 높아 胡仔(1095-1170)로부터 “이 시대 부녀로서 詩에 뛰어난 이이다”라고 칭송되었으며, 특히 詞作에 능하여 王灼(1131-1162)으로부터 ‘婉約詞의 宗主’라 일컬어졌다. 本稿에서는 李淸照의 詞가 이룬 문학적 성취를 중시하여 ‘詞’만을 연구대상으로 삼았다. 이제까지 李淸照는 詞人으로서 널리 알려져 왔다. 다만 현존하는 작품수가 적고, 女流詞人이었다는 점 때문에 民國 以前에는 별로 연구되지 못했으며, 1950年 以後에는 愛國詞人이라는 점으로 대륙에서 비교적 활발히 연구되어 왔다. 지금까지의 주장은, 연구가에 따라 조금씩 다르기는 하나, 李淸照를 ‘婉約詞의 宗主’로 꼽는 데에 異論이 없다. 더욱이 李淸照는 北宋과 南宋의 교체기인 和平期와 戰亂期를 살았기 때문에 이 시기에 遭遇한 서로 相異한 情感을 詞에 드러낼 수 있었다. 그러나 그 간의 연구는 戰亂期에 쓰인 작품들을 소홀히 다루어 왔다. 따라서 本稿는 李淸照의 詞에 반영된 상이한 정감 파악에 치중하여, 그녀의 詞文學의 지위를 재정립하고자 하였다. 本稿에서는 그녀 詞를 風格의 변모에 따라 前ㆍ後半期 詞로 兩分했으며, 形式, 內容, 藝術性이란 각도에서 연구하였다. 첫째, 形式面에서 李淸照의 詞는 詞譜의 格式에 따라 用韻, 平仄律을 준수했음을 알 수 있었다. 특히 合律하는 小令을 다수 창작한바, 含蓄을 중시하는 婉約詞에 속하는 작품들이었다. 둘째, 內容面에서 前期詞를 편의상 ‘自然謳歌’와 ‘離別相思’의 2주제에 귀속시켰고, 後期詞를 ‘感傷時事’, ‘悲今悼昔’, ‘詠物自傷’의 3주제에 귀속시켰다. 세째, 藝術風格에서는, 李淸照 詞 특유의 언어 표현기교를 ‘淸新自然’이라는 風格으로 규명하였고, 前ㆍ後期를 통하여 드러나는 일반적인 風格을 ‘委婉含蓄’으로 규명하였으며, 後半期에 두드러지는 藝術風格을 ‘凄惻悲凉’으로 규명하였다. ‘淸新自然’이란 素朴한 言語를 썼으되 精鍊된 修辭를 거쳐 音調가 조화스러운 藝術風格이며, ‘委婉含蓄’은 女流詞人이 특징적으로 구사할 수 있었던 섬세하고도 완곡한 藝術風格이었다. ‘凄惻悲凉’은 작가가 南渡 以後 故鄕에 대한 그리움과 만년의 고독감을 진솔하게 드러낸 藝術風格으로, 한편 豪放에 근접하는 風格이었다. 이상의 고찰을 통하여 李淸照 詞의 地位와 影響을 재정립하였다. 李淸照는 ‘婉約’한 詞風을 위주로 하였으나, 素朴ㆍ眞率함을 直敍한 後期詞는 豪放에 근접하는 風格을 이루어 ‘易安體’로 불려졌고, 또 後代 辛棄疾(1140-1207)을 비롯한 愛國詞人들에게 두루 영향을 미쳤음을 알 수 있었다.;Li Qingzhao(李淸照 1083-1156?) was a literary woman whose literary career was extended from the end of Bei-Song(北宋) to the early years of Nan-Song(南宋). Her ability as a poet and Ci (詞) writer was admired by Hu Zi(胡仔 1095-1170). "Li Qingzhao(李淸照) is the most excellent woman poet of this era.", Wang Zuo(李淸照 1131-1162) called her as 'A suzerain of0 Wan-Yue-Ci(婉約詞) '. This thesis treats only 'Ci(詞)' as an object of study taking serious view of literary achievement obtained by Li-Qing-Zhao(李淸照). Up to now Li Qingzhao(李淸照) has been widely known as a writer of Ci(詞). But she had been hardly studied before Min-Guo(國民), in that existing works are few, she was a woman writer of Ci (詞) , she has been being studied relative actively from the continent since 1950 in that she was a patriotic writer of Ci(詞). According to assertion up to now, every research worker has a little different view, but they unanimously consider Li Qingzhao(李淸照) as 'A suzerain of Wan-Yue-Ci(婉約詞)', Moreover Li Qingzhao(李淸照) led her life in the peaceful era and turning point when Bei-Song(北宋) was being replaced by Nan-Song(南宋), so she could express different emotions encounted in this period at her Ci(詞). However traditional studies have dealt with these points negligently. Therefore this thesis tried to reestablish her position in Ci (詞) emphasizing on grasping different emotions reflected in Ci(詞). As its concrete methodology, this thesis divided her Ci(詞) into the first half and second half period verse according to change of refinement, studied it from all angles of her style, content, artistry. First, in respect of style, Li Qingzhao Ci(李淸照 詞) was found to have followed the rhyme and rise-fall rule. Especially she created many rhyme-combinated Xiao-Ling(小令), which were belonging to 'Wan-Yue-Ci(婉約詞)' valuing implication. Second, in respect of contents, considering its remarkable trend, for convenience' sake, it devided first half Ci(詞) into two subjects : 'Glorification for nature' and 'Parting, mutual love', while the second half Ci(詞) devided into three subjects : 'Gan-Shang-Shi-Shi(感傷時事) ', 'Bei-Jin-Dao-xi (悲今悼昔) ', 'Ying-Wu- Zi-Shang(詠物自傷)'. Third, in respect of artistic refinement, this study probed the lingual expressive technique peculiar to Li Qingzhao Ci(李淸照 詞) as refinement called 'Qing-Xin-Zi -Ran(淸新自然)' universal characteristic emerged throughout the first half and the second half period as 'Wei-Wan-Han-Xu(委婉含蓄)', and artistic refinement prominent in the second half period as 'Qi-Ce-Bei-liang(凄惻悲凉). In 'Qing-Xin-Zi-Ran(淸新自然)' Ci(詞) used vulgar language but it passed through refined rhetoric, so having harmonious charactistic, in 'Wei-Wan-Han-Xu(委婉含蓄)', it showed delicate and indirect artistic refinement which only a woman poet could characteristically command, in 'Qi-Ce-Bei-liang(凄惻悲凉) ', it included the affection for hometown and loneliness in her late years after her movement to south, in other words, it approached large-mindedness(豪妨). This study has tried to reestablish Li Qingzhao(李淸照)'s position and her influence to the later age, Li-Qing zhao(李淸照) gave first consideration to 'Wan-Yue-Ci(婉約詞)', but it was found that her second half period Ci(詞) expressed simplicity and sincerity forming refinement close to large-mindedness(豪放), so it was called 'Yi-An-Ti(易安體) ', influenced widely to patriotic writers of Ci(詞) including Xin Qiji(新葉疾 1140-1207).